Music Paper

In this essay an attempt will be made to compare and contrast the music styles and compositions of the two great musicians of 20th century: Charles Ives and Arnold Schoenberg. Arnold Schoenberg and Charles Ives are considered as the important music composers. They succeeded in redefining the contemporary music. Initially, their styles of composition and music philosophy attracted a few criticisms although later the Musicians realized the real value of their music styles. In this sense, although both Schoenberg and Ives belonged to different music schools, they shared a few similar features. However, one can also notice many differences in their music styles and philosophy. Schoenberg originally belonged to Vienna, Australia and later he settled down in USA. He and Charles Ives can be considered as the contemporaries. Schoenberg was also a teacher of the music compositions. There were different phases in his personal life. After his wife left him, Schoenberg began to compose several revolutionary musical notes. He decided to give more importance to atonical music by rejecting the music with tones. In fact, this led to the establishment of the new school of music philosophy named the Second Vienna School of Music. Schoenberg, unlike Ives, had no formal training in music and he was a self taught music composer. He gave importance to the freedom of the aesthetic thought. (Danuser, 1998) Particularly after the First World War, he composed several works. Schoenberg also decided to introduce the compositions with twelve notes which became very much controversial among the contemporary musicians. Initially, his new music attracted only a minority of music lovers. Later however, his music was criticized and even attacked by those people who did not like his music style. Schoenberg enjoyed the service of his students and he was able to obtain the support of the music composers such as Albon Berg and Anton Webern. The main interest of Schoenberg was to break the monotony of the classical musical notes. He wanted to produce simple and clear music. He found that the contemporary music tones lacked this quality. When he introduced the music with twelve tones, he considered this as a great discovery. In fact, after 1950s, many music composers have used the ideas of Schoenberg and have contributed to improve the dynamic quality of music. Schoenberg can be considered as belonging to the school of experimentation and modernism as he believed in introducing something new after experimenting with the tones. He composed the works such as Moses and Aron and many other compositions. (Wikipedia, 2005) Charles Ives, on the other hand, belonged to America and he was influenced by the American music composers and his own father who believed in experimentation. Ives used to accompany his father in the music composition and gained valuable experience to become an experienced music composer. His father encouraged him to experiment with music by introducing bitonal and multitonal compositions. In this respect, one can find similarities between Schoenberg and Ives. However, Ives composed more popular music although some of his compositions are known for their complexity of detail. He also worked in an insurance agency. The series of heart attacks led to increase in the creativity in Ivy and in 1922 he published his book – 115 Songs. (Ives, 2005) This collection included the various songs which were composed during the different periods of his life. He also composed the dissonant songs such as â€Å"The Majority†. He believed in the combination of the popular and the classical music leading to the creation of bitonal music. Ives belonged to the school of experimentation and dissonance. His philosophy of music is expressed by the use of the term â€Å"eternal question of existence† in his music. (Ives, 2005) He was influenced by the philosophers such as Emerson and Thoreau and this influence can be seen in the music composed by Ivy. However, his works, like those of Schoenberg, were also not liked by many music scholars as they could not understand his music philosophy. Ives was more concerned with popular perception of his music as he included many American folk songs. He was also praised by Schoenberg for his original compositions. He composed the works such as Variations on America for organ, Central Park in the Dark for chamber orchestra, and The unanswered question for chamber group. (Ives, 2005) In fact, Schoenberg was also influenced by the experimentation of Charles Ivy. However, later Schoenberg introduced the twelve note music. At the same time his music was not liked by the ordinary music lovers as they could not understand the complexity of his music. (Hawes, 1998) The above details show that although both Schoenberg and Ivis belonged to the school of experimentalism, there were major differences in their music compositions. Schoenberg worked as a teacher which allowed him to interact with his students regarding his music compositions. His works are influenced by the European musicians although he wanted to discover something new. Ives on the other hand gave more importance to the American folk music and integrated it with the classic music. He was also influenced by the American philosophers. However, both the composers were criticized for their unconventional approach to music. Both the musicians composed complex musical works which the ordinary people could not understand and appreciate. Schoenberg gave importance to the German tradition. He was influenced by the German composers such as Mozart, Beethoven, Wagner, and Brahms. He believed in the music philosophy of serialism which gave greater order to the twelve notes created by him. He also believed in the philosophy of modernism as he modernized the classical music by introducing radical changes to the earlier German compositions. (Modernism, 2005) Bibliography Danuser, von Hermann. (1998). â€Å"Arnold Schà ¶nberg – Portrait of a Century†, Arnold Schà ¶nberg Center, retrieved online on 10-12-2005 from Hawes, Peter. (1998). â€Å"Learning to Love A Cranky Composer†, Yale Alumni Magazine, retrieved online on 10-12-2005 from (2005). â€Å"Arnold Schoenberg†, retrieved online on 10-12-2005 from last updated in November 2005. (2005). â€Å"Charles Ives†, retrieved online on 10-12-2005 from last updated 10 December 2005. (2005). â€Å"Schoenberg’s Harmonielehre: Modernism through Tradition†, retrieved online on 10-12-2005 from

Filipino Psychology: on Spirituality, Homosexuality, Psychopathology Essay

Psychopathology is said to be the deviation of an individual’s behavior as compared to the norms of the society. It is classified into two—neurosis and psychosis. In a third world country like ours, it is a fact that poor people outnumber the rich ones, that’s why most Filipinos are prone to having problems, especially economic/financial ones. For some, these problems lead to emotional and psychological disturbances. But the question lies on which extent does these disturbances lead to, whether the individual is still intact with reality or not anymore. This is where the study of psychopathology comes in, focusing on the different dynamics of mental disorders in the Philippines, like on what reasons why the Filipinos lose their sanity or on what standards do the society perceive these insane people. More often that not, when a Filipino encounters a neurotic, one who manifests emotional conflict but still is able to be in touch with reality, he would usually do all things to help that person out. This is due to the notion of the Filipino’s intrinsic pakikipagkapwa. He is naturally concerned with the problematic person’s emotional and psychological well-being. Whether he may be the person’s relative, friend, or even just a co-worker, he would provide aid so as to ease the person’s burden. He wouldn’t want him to become a baliw. But what happens if the person becomes a baliw? There are different trends on how the Pinoys treat the baliw. If the person has a coherent family system and his family has money, then he probably would be treated with some kind of psychotherapy, psychopharmacology or be sent in a special school (as for the case of special people). If in case he indeed has supportive relatives but don’t have the money for therapy, then he would just be kept inside the house, treated by the other family members as normally as possible and without any intervention. But if his family is very poor or very unsupportive of him because of his mental illness, then that person would be seen wandering in the streets, and people would be scared of him probably because he is shouting and untidy or lost and walking naked. Through this we could infer that the Filipino society in general has attributed a negative implication on the baliws. Since the Filipinos as a whole have close family systems, it is important to note that the concept of family is a significant aspect on the individual’s mental illness. The Filipino psychopathology indeed adheres somehow to the family systemic model, believing that a person’s pathology is attributed to his family systems. In a society that expects everyone to have not only smooth interpersonal relationships but also smooth family relationships, a person might find it hard to cope up with his problems when his family has defective communication or is shattered in structure. Sure, he could seek aid/comfort from his friends, but certainly on the back of his mind and in the depths of his heart, he is utterly concerned that his family is not like the other happy Filipino families he has known. It is also vital to note that culture is a big part on the study of Filipino psychopathology. We have to be aware that there are some beliefs that for us may be normal but for other cultures may be aberrant. One profound example of this is the people’s belief on the faith healers. Some of these individuals would claim that they are able to talk to some famous hero or saint, or they had encountered apparitions, and this was the cause why they were endowed with such gift of healing. Faith healers are indeed part of our culture, but are we to believe such convictions, or would we think that those are just the distorted thinking of the faith healer? Surely with such behaviors, the DSM IV would categorize these faith healers as individuals manifesting the symptoms of the schizophrenics. But among all, what is most essential to take notice on is the present situation on the interventions that is available to the mentally ill individuals. A person does not need to go into the public mental institution to see the repugnant condition of the patients there. Just a whole day’s stay in the streets of Cubao or Quiapo would enable him to see a number of psychopathologic individuals either naked or begging for alms. It is just disappointing to know that these individuals are least prioritized, and the fact that the society has lost hope in them. I think that this should not be the case, because these mentally ill individuals in fact still has the chance of getting well. I believe that curative status of the psychologically imbalanced individuals should be improved and actually be well funded by the government. These people would just remain discriminated and a burden to the society unless the society understands, takes notice, and prioritizes their well-being. But I wonder, when would this actually happen? I fervently hope that it would be sooner than later, or else, the people whom we know as baliws (crazy people) would just live miserably for the rest of their lives. ******************************************************************************************** On Filipino Religiosity and Spirituality Our country is composed of a hodgepodge of different religions, although it is a fact that this is a predominantly Christian country. But whatever religion that a Filipino may adhere to, it is part of his culture to go to church or to do whatever deed that his dogma tells him to do. Indeed, most Filipinos are perceived to be religious, especially if they belong to the Catholic community. It is evident though, by the way churches always fill up on Sundays, how streets and plazas are filled up by devout crowds during fiestas of some saint, or by the number of saints that are displayed on their altars. So we say that we Filipinos are in fact religious, but can we say that we are spiritual? There is a big difference between religiosity and spirituality. In the discussion we had in class, there have been different insights that the class has imparted. It has been said that religion is more of an external concept whereas spirituality is an internal one. It was also pointed out that religion is one’s system of beliefs or creed and that spirituality is the personal relationship with whoever god one believes in. I think the whole class agreed that religion is indeed a system of beliefs in which he bases his principle as well as his lifestyle in. It is an institution in which an individual belongs to (in the case that he is not an agnostic), and the teachings embedded therein would direct him to his purpose in life. As the discussion went on, the class was able to probe deeper upon the subject of spirituality. There were notions that what if one does not believe in spirits, then there is a probability that he would not possess spirituality of any kind. There was even an idea that spirituality is just a concept which was produced out of the people’s attachment to groups and their will to put order in the inevitable chaos that they will encounter. I guess spirituality is harder to define, because this concept not only encompasses the issues related with religion but on science, ethics, and morality as well. There was a social psychologist (Diarmuid O’Murchu) that said, â€Å"Spirituality concerns an ancient and primal search for meaning that is as old as humanity itself, and belongs–as an inherent energy–to the evolutionary unfolding of creation itself. There is set in motion in all aspect of creation a spirit that holds everything in place and directs everything to its end, gives each a place of rest in this vast universe, a home, a meaning, and a relevance. All life responds to life, and all life is drawn to what is life-giving. We follow the spirit that is in our nature, the spirit that is our nature. † I have pondered on this quote and had thought that every individual should search for his own spirituality so as to get meaning and relevance in his life. Moreover, spirituality is inherent within us, and to ignore this spirituality would mean one would also disregard the inherent energy that he possesses. ******************************************************************* On Filipino Homosexuality Pagkababae and Pagkalalaki The differences between men and women are attributed by what society dictates them to be. Here in the Philippines, society, especially the family, plays a vital role in the lives of the people. As what was discussed in class about pagkababae and pagkalalaki, there are specific roles and actions that a man and a woman should do. It is expected that for one to be a Filipina, she should be refined, modest, loyal, and be a perfect mother and wife. The Filipino, on the other hand, is expected to be brave, decisive, and be the family’s provider and disciplinarian. With this set-up, I think that indeed, there exists gender inequality in this society. For the longest time, the Filipinas are regarded as weak, quiet, and feeble individuals. During the Spanish time, they were only made to stay inside the house and do the household chores and are only allowed to go out when it is time to go to church. They were even not allowed to go to school, for they are also regarded as unintelligent individuals. There were very little opportunities for women. In these contemporary times, they say that there has been a change in the society’s view of the Filipinas. But changed as it is, stereotypes still remain. There are a lot who do not trust and look down on the skills and abilities of women. Because for them, the men are still the better, stronger, and more powerful sex. There are only a few women who stand as the head of their family, and at most times, it is the husband who decides for the whole family. This is because of the ascription that men should be decisive and women should be submissive. Or else, the Filipino would be regarded as under de saya. That designation would be a batter for the Filipino’s ego. One of the Filipinas’ disadvantageous qualities is that they are always sensitive and emotional. They are easy to fall in love and tend to cry easily—maybe this is the disadvantage of it. But what is advantageous of it tough, is that since they are emotional, they are likely able to let out their sentiments and hurt feelings. On the other hand, if the Filipinos would cry his heart out over a problem or heartache, there is a possibility that he would be thought of as corny or even bakla. Thus, he has to keep things by himself and cry alone. This is also probably the reason why women complain that men are very insensitive. With the women’s characteristics that tend to be more family-oriented than the men, would we say that women are better spouses and parents? When it comes to the strength and decisiveness of men, is it safe to say that men are indeed stronger, thus they are better workers than women? In my opinion, a Filipino and a Filipina have characteristics of their own. People should not waste time on determining if such sex is better than the other. We all have our strengths and weaknesses, and we should learn how to respect the weaknesses of each other. I think that in assessing people, we must look at a person’s characteristics first, not on the gender that he or she has. Although sexuality has a great bearing on person’s identity as a whole, their sex and gender performance is generally a deeper core identity and is not necessarily influenced by their sexuality. Bakla Sward, Bading, Jokla, Transvestite, Closet queen, Bi- these are among the usual labeling of Filipino gay men. On the other hand, terms like tibo, lesbo, butch, t-bird, tomboy are entitled to Filipina lesbians. For years, gays and lesbians have been a marginalized group in our society, and it was only about three decades ago that they had started to come out into the open. But even though they are already increasing in number and revealing their true identities to the public, one question still remains. Has the society fully accepted the gays and lesbians? All over the world sex and gender diverse people are being legally and socially disadvantaged, discriminated against, excommunicated from their religions, attacked, beaten up, raped, sexually assaulted, murdered both in public and covertly. Nothing perhaps can be more frustrating than to be denied a fair chance at self-improvement and be deprived of basic services because of sexual orientation. For many years gays and lesbians have had to contend with this reality, and whether much has changed for them through the years is still an unanswered question. Here in our country, gays and lesbians are also given a hard time because of their sexual orientation. A gay child would receive tremendous mockery upon his friends’ realization that he is gay. A lesbian adolescent would more or less gain a few friends because she is sexually deviant. A gay worker could even be accused of stealing money from the company, in order to finance his lover (or papa). These are some of the hardships that gay and lesbians undergo in our society. Due to these adversities, gays and lesbians strived to succeed in the workplace (especially gays). Many gays and lesbians are now holding reputable positions in companies. Slowly, they are able to go up the ladder of the people’s approval that they are actually an integral part of the society.

Mary Shelly Essay

In this essay I will be commenting on the effects Kenneth Branagh, the director and actor, has used on the â€Å"creation scene† in the film â€Å"Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein†. The film was released in 1994 but before it was a film it was a novel that was published in 1818 by a writer named Mary Shelly. The film version of this was then named with the writer’s names in the title in order to make it sound authentic. The film has a gothic/horror genre or theme, and I will try to analyse the different types of effects used e. g. camera angle, sound and music, lighting and special effects, costume, make-up hair and props. Robert De Niro plays the monster in this film. The reason that such a famous actor was picked to play this role and not just any random person in a suit is because then Kenneth Branagh can put Robert De Niro’s name on the front cover of the film to show that they have at least one famous person in the film. Another reason might be because then other people, considering watching or buying this film, might want to watch it to see the famous actor. When Victor Frankenstein, played by Kenneth Branagh, first enters the laboratory he is dressed in a red cape with gold embroidery, this has connotations of royalty and power. A boxer might wear this type of cape before he begins to fight to show that he is scared of nothing and is a hard man. Branagh, knowing this, is trying to project it on Victor. Victor has got nothing else on his top half but on his bottom half he has tatty trousers and shoes to show that he hasn’t had much time to spend on appearance. Another technique Branagh uses to make Victor seem strong and/or bold is by filming him through a low angle shot, making it seem like he is towering above everyone else. Also, non-diegetic, fast paced, loud music is played to make it seem like what he is doing is really important but also that he is in a rush to finish it and make history. Not only is Victor made to seem important but so is the monster by pulling it up with the pulley on to the track and as it ascends, a bright light is shone directly above it. Since this light is so strong it creates a circle of light around the creation. I believe that the effect of this is to suggest the creation as a gift to God or even to make it seem like it is so close to him that Victor can show God he is about to create life just like he did. Victor is filmed using a high angle shot running at the same speed as the monster on the cradle. The effect of this is to show that Victor is completely dependant on the creation of the monster, therefore not letting it out of his sight. If Victor didn’t care as much about it, he would have waited by the tank where the track finishes. Lots of diegetic sound is used when the log knocks the cradle and as it is running along the tracks. When the creature is put into the tank, and is above the fire, Branagh uses a series of extreme close up shots as the spikes are being stabbed into the monster. This type of shot is used so that you can almost feel the spikes going into you as you sit at home or in the cinema. This also creates sympathy for the monster. As the camera shots dissolve through all the bits of machinery and all the electric lines, which have sparks coming out of them to show that they are high voltage, it shows that there are loads of different things going on at the same time. The effect of this is to show that the task of creating the monster is extremely difficult because there are a lot of things to do and think about. While Victor is fastening a tube to the tank the camera slowly zooms out and pans to the right to show that the tube is connected to a big sack, which is shaking, that retains electric eels and a lot of amniotic fluid. The effect of this is to suggest that this is like a real birth because Victor uses amniotic fluid held in a sack or a container like in a real mothers womb. The sack is also filmed in a low angle shot to make it seem as it is a main part in the creation of the monster. As the eels are released into the tank they start to attack the monster at first. Then it looks like they are trying to heal him as they go for stitches to make it seem like they are repairing the monster. The first of this part is filmed using a close up, panning shot running up the monsters body, then an over the shoulder shot of the eels repairing him is employed. There is a lot in the mise en scene when Victor is standing on the tank. Victor himself standing on the tank, with the sack that held the amniotic fluid in, shaking the chains, looks to me like he has got eight hands due to the way the light is shone onto the sack. I think that if this was deliberate then it is meant to portray that he is Godlike with eight hands meaning that he is more powerful than an everyday man. The fire under the tank looks like it has been over fuelled so it is jumping up the side or even dancing.

Macro and Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Macro and Microeconomics - Essay Example Price mechanism; therefore, solve the problem of allocating scarce resources by ensuring they are allocated through competition in a free market. Moreover, price mechanism helps industries to produce efficient product that of high quality. The competition between firms ensures that the most efficient remain on the market while its edges others that are inefficient out of the market (Moon 2013). Efficient firms produce quality goods at a cheaper price compared to the inefficient ones. The high cost of production makes inefficient industries set a price that will cover the cost of production and thus they price at a higher price than efficient firms. The high priced goods become uncompetitive in a free market and draw the firm out of business (Mukhopadhyay 2). Price also serves the function of discounting to determine the cost as well as the amount or size of a commodity. However, price comprises the joint charge of goods and the profit attached to it. Therefore, price serves to determine the amount to be produced and the effectiveness of it. Price, therefore, serves as a planning tool to making the economic decision as to where the economy is to be taken (The fundamentals of market economy self-regulation). Price also stimulates firms and industries into production process due to high profit guaranteed when a firm is involved in large scale production. Lastly, price help in the distribution of income and resources to the most efficient industries in the market.

In depth analysis about article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

In depth analysis about article - Essay Example The article contends that foreign trade does not necessarily increases the amount of value of commodity unless it is accompanied by increase in demand. This is important facet of economic principle that heavily relies on demand and supply of goods and services for optimal profit. The influx of capital and employability within the production process results in profits either due to new technology and methods that increase efficiency or there is decrease in wages that help to increase the percentage of profit. Thus, increase in revenue or decrease in consumption will result in accumulation of capital which can be gainfully employed for production of other commodities. They are indeed, vital inputs for trade and apply equally for domestic and foreign trade. Interestingly, the article also highlights that countries tend to favor import of those goods which have relatively higher cost of production. Ricardo gives example of corn which he says would be imported by England even if it has fe rtile land. Main reason is that it gains relatively higher profits on export of wine for which it has developed improved skill and technology which lower the cost of production.

Discuss the main components that you need to write a wireless LAN Essay

Discuss the main components that you need to write a wireless LAN security policy. How such a policy would be different from a - Essay Example A sample Wireless information security policy can be found in this link http://www.sans.org/security-resources/policies/Wireless_Communication_Policy.pdf . II. Essential Components of a Wireless Security Policy Essential components of the Wireless Security Policy are the mandatory change of password for the Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). The Wireless Security Policy also includes a list of standard devices allowed to connect to the wireless local area network. Since it would be easier to diagnose a problem including the implementation of solutions when there are less variables to consider. Wired local area network IP addresses in some instances can be dynamic for each of the devices connected to the local area network. However, in the wireless local area network static IP are assigned to MAC address to ensure that only authorized devices connects to the local area network. Since the possibility of security breaches or infiltration are higher using the wireless local area network the s ecurity policy normally do not allow devices intending to connect to the wireless local area network to access beyond a finite area. Most often this area is not accessible to normal human traffic from outside the perimeter of the organization’s property. ... This is to ensure that no rider or malicious codes accompany the authentication process of the wireless device as it connects to the wireless local area network. In some instances the organization’s wireless security policy only allows the devices supplied by the organization to connect to its wireless local area network. The security policy also mandates that the local virus protection system of the wireless devices is up to date. III. The Difference of Wireless and Wired LAN Security Policy The policy governing wireless communication in a local area network is different in the sense that. Wireless devices that can attach to a network are mobile or can be taken out of the premises of the organization while devices that are wired to the Local Area Network of the organization cannot be taken out of the office without arousing any suspicion. Wired connection can easily be inventoried and accounted for using network management software. Devices that are connected to the wireless devices of the local area network are dynamic connections that can move around and be at certain locations that are within the range of the wireless router. The possibility of infiltration and data theft is not only probable but very likely since the shortest effective range of a wireless router can include areas that are beyond the visual range of security forces of the organization. While the devices connected to the wired local area network are secure and static within the company premises. The manners in which devices connect to the wired local area network are managed and administered are entirely different with the way devices connect to the wireless

CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) and Its Practical Use Essay

CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) and Its Practical Use - Essay Example It is carried out through a properly designed and professional model that does not require to be completely renewed on a case by case basis. It has, therefore, met the requirements of the Asset Management industry in which the capacity to correctly price securities, and to properly infer the right rate of return. These are used to determine traditional and innovative alternative assets and provide all qualities that can make possible for a portfolio manager to gain an early lead over competitors (Brigham and Houston). The model, from a technical perspective, has been based on the works of Dr Harry Markowitz, a widely renowned professional and researcher who had been able to conduct important studies and researches in the field of diversification and of modern portfolio theory. According to his studies, some fundamental proven hypotheses can be synthesized as follows: Harry Markowitz, Nobel Prizer, investigated the effects of correlation rates and of diversification policies and strat egies. As a result, he found that diversification in this sense, when correctly computed and carried out, can reduce and minimize the risk of a portfolio, together with an improvement of its required rate of returns. In this perspective, a Markowitz Efficient Portfolio has been defined as the portfolio where no added diversification can lower its risk for a given return expectation. In this sense, the ability to properly synthesize the main portfolio requirements is needed in order for a portfolio manager to meet the expectations and to reach the highest expected return. Once this efficient portfolio and its relative asset allocation is reached, no investor can minimize the risk further, and any departure from this allocation is perceived as something that impairs the risk level, and any asset added to the portfolio in this sense increases the risk level of the portfolio. An accurate selection of the most efficient portfolio, hence, can be reached through the analysis of the various possible portfolios of the given securities in the light of their degree of diversification. Dr Harry Markovitz also developed and implemented the so called â€Å"efficient frontier†, which represents the total and integral selection of the most efficient portfolios, analyzed on a risk return perspective. Under this view, the portfolios of assets that compose the efficient frontier are the ones that maximize return levels for certain given amounts of volatility (defined as risk). In this perspective, Harry Markowitz developed a mean Variance model that maximizes returns for given risk levels; the major assumptions of the model are the following: Investors tend to be rational Investors can easily determine the set of efficient portfolios highlighted above and can maximize their returns for a given level of risk There is a single period investment, as compulsory one for the analysis Risk of a portfolio is highly dependent on the variability of returns An investor prefers to in crease the consumption Investors are risk averse by their nature The utility function of investors has a concave shape Major technical aspects of this model make possible to infer some major behavioral characteristic: firstly, investors prefer to retain a portfolio with lower risk, for a given return level. In addition to this, for a given risk (and volatility) level, investors tend to prefer portfolios with higher returns (Markowitz). Investors can be defined as risk averse when their expressed main priority is to minimize risk, and therefore, choose portfolios with lower risk. While, on the other side they are believed to be rational when they prefer asset

Research portfolio Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Portfolio - Research Paper Example Moreover, in recent decades, research evidence has demonstrated a significant association between declining levels of physical activity in children, overall increases in children's body weights, and the incidence of obesity (Goran et al., 1999). The most widely accepted hypothesis for this association is that over time cultural changes and technological advances have resulted in less physical activity and promoted a gradually more sedentary lifestyle (Goran et al. 1999; Luepker, 1999). This mirrors what is occurring in the adult population and highlights the influence that parental physical activity behaviours have on the behaviours of children (Goran et al., 1999). Clearly, physical activity plays a critical role in the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity, leading some experts to suggest that if physical activity levels were increased that the epidemic of childhood obesity would diminish or even disappear (Luepker, 1999). Research has suggests the need for family-based int erventions since families share genetic disposition as well as environments (Hill & Trowbridge, 1998). Accomplishing the task of combating childhood obesity will require that every family become committed to improving their children's physical activity habits. ... Moreover, children learn lifestyle behaviours from an early age and may be more flexible in their ability to change behaviours than adults. Many parents, however, lack knowledge about healthy lifestyle practices and/or fail to encourage or model these healthy behaviours for their children. Parents of overweight children also may tend to underestimate their child's weight and may not be as concerned about their child's physical inactivity. It is important to understand whether this lack of knowledge and/or modelling of healthy behaviours on the part of the parents are related to unhealthy practices among their children. According to Nicklas and Johnson (2004), health promotion interventions should be implemented at an age when a child is still impartial to change, which is typically prior to entrance into sixth grade. The role of the home environment is critical to prevent childhood obesity. Parents must provide a physically active environment for their children, and limit the amount of time spent in sedentary behaviours. Parental controls of television viewing can have many benefits. Research Questions The specific research question of this study is: What are the parental controls and restrictions regarding television viewing among students? Sub-questions for the study were: (a) Does the parental controls and restrictions that are being used by parents correlate with children's BMI; (b) Do parental controls differ according to the child's age? Literature Review Family Environment and Childhood Obesity The best way to significantly affect the prevalence of childhood obesity is to prevent it. Therefore, the issue of childhood obesity becomes a family affair. Families provide the primary

Business ethics dilemma that you have faced, either as an employee or Essay

Business ethics dilemma that you have faced, either as an employee or a manager - Essay Example In late August two years ago, I saw a problem with the way Kevin handled the other employees in our department. I noticed that he was being cruel to them like giving them too much work despite the busyness of their schedules and worse, without any extra compensation. The number of employees complaining about Kevin’s harsh policies was increasing to the point that they were all voicing out to me what they believe I should do. Everyone of them was telling me that I should report Kevin to the higher superiors of the company, and they believed that it would lead to my promotion as the next manager. Word has reached the CEO that something was going wrong in the department although Kevin denied all of these allegations. However, since the CEO did not completely buy what Kevin had said. He called for a closed-door meeting between the other employees who were somehow implying aggrieved status as well as me, being second in line for the position of manager. When the CEO and his assistant entered, they reminded us of two things – our allegiance to them, thus implying that they expect the truthfulness of our testimonies, and the urgency of the situation, since several employees have been voicing out their grievances over social media. Moreover, they underlined the fact that the purpose of the meeting was to determine the truth and to determine the proper measures to mitigate or eliminate the problem. However, what happened was that the CEO noticed that everything seemed hesitant to say anything during the closed-door meeting. Thus, the employee issued a report to be written by me within 24 hours. I was therefore left with three choices. The first was to tell the truth about the matter while at the same time risking my friendship with Kevin and risking my own reputation too since he would therefore reveal to the CEO my past misdemeanors. The second choice was to deny the allegations of the other employees, thus risking my popularity among them and

Plato and Aristotle on the Just Man and the Good Citizen Essay - 1

Plato and Aristotle on the Just Man and the Good Citizen - Essay Example In fact, these very virtues make a city or an individual just - â€Å"Then a just man won’t differ at all from a just city in respect to the form b of justice;† (Plato, 110) This discussion starts from the state level and eventually moves down to the level of an individual but Plato makes it absolutely clear that the presence of the above mentioned virtues in an individual citizen leads to a state, which has these same virtues. In The Republic’s Book XIII, there exist many examples showing how an unjust society shapes the souls of its citizen. The vice versa then should also be true. Therefore, it can be derived from this discussion that there exists a kind of â€Å"virtuous circle† between the state and a citizen. They are both cause and effect of each other. To sum this up, it can be said that a state shapes the souls of its inhabitants; meanwhile the nation itself is a product of all the individual souls comprising it. If this structure is disrupted, harmony will suffer, inner conflict will increase and this might lead to the whole set-up coming down. Plato believes that the most important goal of education is knowledge of Good. In the fictional city of Kallipolis, there are three different classes: the producers, guardians and the rulers. All these three classes have some specific qualities that they need to display in order to make Kallipolis the â€Å"just city†. The guardian class needs to be the educated group who will be able to absorb all the laws in the best possible manner - â€Å"†¦Hence the guardians must above all protect their system of elementary education, for this provides the training in civic virtue without which no system of laws, no constitution, can hope to achieve†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Plato, 94) The rulers of the city need to possess wisdom, using which they ensure that the city will have good judgment and will be really wise. Since an ideal city needs to be governed by

Attitudes of Saudi speakers toward learning English language Term Paper

Attitudes of Saudi speakers toward learning English language - Term Paper Example From the research, it is evident that motivation tends to play a key role in the attitudes of Saudi speakers towards learning the English language. This is because the investigations carried out reveal that attitude and motivation play essential roles in learning a foreign language like English. Investigations carried out among the students in the university depict that the lack of motivation for Arabic speakers cause the learners to lose interest in leaning the foreign language. From this research, it is evident that the lack of motivation tends to affect the success of the speakers in learning the English language. Research depicts that motivation also affects the rate at which Arabic speakers are likely to learn the language. For instance, investigations carried out among the students revealed that motivation played a key role in the failure or the success of the students in learning the language. It is also evident that motivation normally affects the attitudes of the speakers to wards learning the language. From this research, it was clear that lack of motivation is likely to cause learners to develop negative attitudes towards learning English. However, when Arabic speakers are motivated to learn the languages then they are likely to develop positive attitudes towards learning English (Amin, 2009). The replies in the questionnaires revealed that it was difficult for the low motivated Saudi speakers to learn the English language. This unequivocally implies that motivation was a determinant that was essential for Saudi speakers to learn English. From the research it evident that some of the Arabic speakers may be demotivated to learn the English language because of negative external factors such as school (Arani, 2004). The other factors that affected the attitudes of Arabic speakers towards learning the English language were pedagogic factors. These refer to factors related to the teaching of English in Saudi Arabia. An examination of the responses in the q uestionnaires reveals that teaching English, which is considered a foreign language in Saudi, is normally a challenge. One of the reasons for this is because the language is considered to be of very limited purpose to the Arabians. From this research, it was evident that the teaching of the language started at school level. However, the students who were interviewed attributed the negative attitudes of Saudi speakers to the English language to factors such as; the lack of qualified teachers and the use of integrated textbooks. The other pedagogic factor causing negative attitudes towards English among Arabic speakers is the purposive curriculum. It is also thought that the achievements made by the speakers who speak the language are normally below their expectations causing them not to want to learn. In the questionnaires, those interviewed recommended that diagnostic studies be carried out in the different language areas. This was to enable the teachers identify the problems associ ated with the pedagogic factors. The students interviewed thought that the evolution of compatible strategies would have helped the students to yield maximum output when learning the language. Some of the students interviewed stated that to enable the learners change their attitudes towards learning the English language, it was essential that pedagogic factors such as the

Romeo and Juliet Annotated Biboliography Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Annotated Biboliography Essay This Shakespearean classic tells the tale of a young couple who fall deeply in love finding themselves separated from their happily ever after by their family’s century long conflict. Romeo and Juliet meet and immediately fall in love, their relationship progressing rapidly and living under fear of their family’s reactions they make panicky, over-stressed decisions and find themselves digging their grave deeper and deeper. Shakespeare’s inclusion of puns makes the play feel a bit lighter at times adding much needed humor to this tragedy while his use of metaphors makes amplifies the romance and tension of the play. Setting the play in sixteenth-century Verona, Italy added to the drama and exotic nature of the play, showing royalty, foreign laws and customs. This play will keep the reader interested while including characters you grow to love despite their ignorance and often terrible decisions. Although the story is well written and contains a good blend of humor all readers must be warned, it is not a â€Å"light read† but instead stays completely true to its devastating genre. The levels of depth in personality applied to all characters involved gave it the romantic story line modern classics like Stephanie Myer’s Twilight dream of achieving. Although this book is a practically mandatory read, because of the crude and somewhat gore-filled nature of the play I would suggest that it not be read to children under thirteen or so.

How Concepts Of Fate Explored In Oedipus English Literature Essay

How Concepts Of Fate Explored In Oedipus English Literature Essay Fate and free will both play an integral role in Oedipus life. In Oedipus, Sophocles points out the old Greek belief that fate cannot be escaped even though a man has freewill and choice. Despites a man free will it is fate that will eventually prevail. But was Oedipus a victim of an inevitable fate or did he create his own destiny through his free will? Oedipus just like Laius and Jocasta tries to escape his fate by acting on his freewill. Laius had tried to escape his fate by trying to kill the child who was meant to kill him, but does not succeed. Oedipus too tries to escape his fate by running away from Corinth after he was told of the oracle that said he is to mate his own mother and murder the father who gave him life. Afraid and of course believing the oracle he runs away in order to escape it. But by doing so, he is unaware that he has actually taken a step closer to his own destruction. This is proved when on his way to his new life, he unknowingly kills his own father Laius and fulfills a part of the oracle. He then goes on and takes over Thebes and marries his own mother and hence fulfills the first oracle. However, Laius and Jocasta had a chance which Oedipus didnt. They were given a warning saying that they should not produce a child. But Laius was overcome by a momentary lust (Oedipus Tyrannus notes- Pg 90) and thus lef t his son to face the consequence of his action. Jocasta and Laius can also be seen as a perfect evidence of freewill. It was their choice of action that led to their destiny. Their fate was never certain. They were given a warning but ignored it and went against gods will. Their choice of action shows that it was freewill that created their destiny. However, we can also say it was their fate because the warning itself had mentioned their fate. Moreover, they get their punishment for going against god; Laius is killed by his own son and Jocasta marries not only her own son but also the murderer of her husband. The play shows that the gods are in control, and not men (www.slashdoc.com). Furthermore, the play can also be looked at as the fate of Laius and Jocasta since they were the one who ignored the oracle and made a mistake. Oedipus just seems like someone guiding them to their fate. Their ill-fate was the punishment for avoiding the warning and acting on their freewill. So, therefore, we can also say that Oedipus was just a vict im of his parents curse, the curse of your mother and father, a double blow (pg 33 Line -417). At the beginning of the play, when there is a plague in Thebes, we are told about the new oracle from Creon. He coveys the oracle that in order to get rid of the plague, the murderer of Laius must be found. Here we can say that it is his freewill thats creating his destiny because Oedipus could have waited for the plague to end and not send Creon to seek help from Apollo, but he does. This shows him acting with freewill and shows that man is reliable of his own actions. However, on the other hand, we can also say it is fate because it was meant to happen. There were two things he could have done; one was to wait for the plague to end and the other to send Creon to seek help from Apollo. But he goes for the one that leads him to his destruction. So we can say that its fate and is taking him towards his downfall. He does exactly what a good king should have done but doesnt realize that he is pushing himself closer to his downfall. Also, after he learns of the oracle, he could have sear ched for the murderer slowly and quietly but he curses the murderer which in actuality is him cursing himself , I also pray that this unknown doer of this deed, whether he acted alone or with accomplices, may wear out his wretched life in abstract misery(pg 23 Lines 246-278). This symbolizes that freewill is just a road to ones fate. The agon between Oedipus and Tiresias brings out a lot of Oedipuss flaws. His harmatia include arrogance, violence, pride and his quest for truth. In this scene Tiresias continuously warns Oedipus not to ask more, but Oedipus does. The scene creates a lot of tension and Tiresias foretells a lot Now you see clearly but then you will see darkness (Pg 33 line -419). But Oedipus does not pay any heed to this and mocks Tiresias blindness. We can also say that Oedipuss harmatia led and contributed immensely to his downfall. Even after hearing a lot, he is still ignorant and is committed in finding the murderer. Here too he could have stopped his enquiry and saved himself but he doesnt and thinks he is doing the right thing but has no idea of what waits for him. Consequently, he continues pushing himself forward. Jocasta tries to calm Oedipus down by telling him that no one who is mortal has the power of prophecy (pg53 lines-788-789). She also provides an evidence for this by telling him of the old oracle and adds that Laius was not killed by his own son but by robbers and as for the child they had thrown him away with his ankles pinned together. And for the first time realization hits Oedipus, and he cries, Oh. What a wretched I am! It seems I have exposed myself to a terrible curse, without knowing it.(pg 55 lines 744-745). But Jocasta assures him that Laius was killed by robbers and not a single man. Even after knowing so much Oedipus is still persistent in finding the whole truth. He now waits for the shepherd who had witnessed Laius murder and calls him hes only grounds for hope (pg 61 lines836). But in reality the shepherd is the one who opens the gate to his ill-fate. The chorus then, in the 2nd STASIMON reminds us that the laws of the land is in the gods hand and not men The laws pres cribed for these are sublime ,and were given their birth in the clear air of heaven, Olympus (pg 65 lines 865-867). While they are waiting for the servant, a messenger comes by and informs that Polybus is dead and later adds that Polybus was not Oedipuss father Polybus was no relation of your (pg 75 line-1016). Just then Jocasta realizes that the oracle has come true, and begs Oedipus to stop his quest. But as always Oedipus doesnt listen and misunderstands Jocasta. Jocasta leaves calling him an unhappy man. The herdsman then comes into the scene and at first refuses to tell the truth. Like Tiresias and Jocasta, he too warns him to stop but Oedipus doesnt. The herdsman then confirms Oedipuss identity (that he is Laius son) and thus breaks the shield that had been there till now that had kept Oedipus away from his ill fate. Having realized what he has done, Oedipus cries Oh, oh! The whole truth has come out. Light may this be the last time I look at you (pg 8 lines 1182- 1123). The chorus then reflects on the illusionary qualities of mans happiness and the futility of mortal life. Even someone who appeared so pre-eminently successful as Oedipus has shown this by falling victim to terrible suffering. (pg 86 notes). We are then told about Jocastas death. Jocasta suicide is purely freewill since her fate was never to die but to marry her son. So her decision to die was not her fate but her choice; her freewill. At the end of the play, Oedipus blinds himself and when the chorus asks him what had made him do so, he replies, Apollo, it was Apollo, my friends (pg 97 lines 1328). But the hand that struck them was mine (pg 97 line-1331). He now understands his fate and takes responsibility for his actions and is guilty for killing his father and marrying his mother. Even though we know that Oedipus killed his father and married his mother, we as an audience feel pity for him because he didnt do anything deliberately. The characters in the play were not fully responsible for their actions. In the play, fate and freewill both worked together towards Oedipus destruction. Every action he took, lead him to closer to his destruction. Thus we can conclude that freewill is just a road that leads to ones destination. In the end all the oracles are proved right and it is proved that fate is inevitable and humans are controlled by god and despites a mans freewill, it is fate that prevails. AS English Literature Unit 2 Dramatic Genres Oedipus Coursework First Draft Jesika Limbu

Practice Requirements for Children with Disabilities

Practice Requirements for Children with Disabilities Formal Assessment One OUTLINE the legal and regulatory requirements in place for children with disabilities or specific requirements. Following the Equality Act 2010 and the Special Educational Needs (SEN) Code of Practice (2001)all establishments including those delivering education have a statutory duty to promote practice that values the individual needs of children and promotes equality and inclusion. This means that where possible children with SEN should be taught in mainstream schools or early education settings. All children with SEN needs must be treated where possible the same as other children. Educational establishments have to ensure they have clear SEN policies in place and these need to be reviewed regularly. Children with SEN need to be offered full access to a broad, balanced and appropriate curriculum at all stages. The governing body or management group are responsible for establishing appropriate staffing levels and funding arrangements to ensure there are enough resources both human and physical to be able to adhere to the policy. All staff need to be aware of the individual needs of pupils and systems need to be set up to ensure the passing of information from one school phase to another. They should be involved in the development of policies and be aware of procedures for identifying, assessing and making provision for children with SEN. The Code of practice recognises the importance of the role of parents and the child and both need to be included in the discussions for any support that is necessary and the development of targets for learning. It is a requirement that Individual Education Plans (IEP) are drawn up to help guide the delivery of special education support and services and to identify additional or different interventions necessary from the existing curriculum to enable the child to progress. Suitable learning challenges should always be set so that children don’t become disillusioned and opt out of education. Where possible the targets should be in the child’s own words or symbols. IEP’s need to be reviewed at least twice a year preferably termly and adaptations made in light of the child’s progress. The parents and child must always be included and present at reviews and Annual reviews should include all appropriate staff and support agencies including the next educational provider when a child is moving from one educational stage to another. Children need to be listened to and their views valued. They need to be able to express their feelings, participate in discussions and indicate their choices including when changing schools. To assist schools external support services should be used to support the school, family and individual child. Schools need to work in partnership with LEA and the providers of their services as children with SEN are more likely to have health issues including mental health problems. Consultation is necessary as health issues maybe contributing to difficulties in school and with their ability to learn. Many schools have put in place a SENCO who is responsible for monitoring the use of the policies in place and for coordinating the provision for children with SEN. They are responsible for the various action plans such as School Action and School Action Plus EXPLAIN why it is important to work inclusively with children with disabilities or specific requirements The implementation of inclusion promotes positive awareness and greater social understanding of all children and staff in an educational setting. It also provides opportunities for friendships between all children and develops comfortable interaction with those with disabilities. In a middle school I taught in there was a centre for children with disabilities. However for many lessons, breaks, lunchtimes and school trips all children were together. This enabled children to support each other and assist those with disabilities to join in the wider curriculum and to feel accepted in the school community. Inclusion helps avoid the segregation of children with SEN and encourages children to respect each other and learn to understand those with diverse characteristics. It also encourages respect for children of all background and abilities. Being educated together builds confidence and enables those with SEN to become more positive and assertive as well as develops communication skills. ‘Inclusion does not simply mean the placement of students with disabilities in general education classes’ (Inclusive Schools Network page 1) It is necessary for the school to make fundamental changes in the way the school community supports and addresses the individual needs of all children. This will benefit all children and enable them to flourish. Following the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities means that educational establishments must encourage respect for children with SEN. They must also permit equal access to the curriculum and adapt school for children with disabilities. This is from the physical side such as providing access for wheelchairs and children with other physical disabilities, as well as providing extra support including writers, readers, use of sign language to help with their learning and assessments. Teachers and staff need to be able to adapt lessons to accommodate the wide range of learning styles in their classes e.g. visual, auditory and kinaesthetic. Use of computers, braille, different colour papers, various size fonts will assist the different needs of children. This will help all children to access the curriculum and encourage a positive and exciting learning environment. As a teacher I have spent many hours planning differentiated lessons that take into account the class’s varying needs. I have put work on different colour paper according to what has been identified for a child, for example yellow or green. I have made use of the interactive white board to allow children to hear and see as well as come up and use the interactive pen to enhance their understanding of a concept. Individual learning mats are also helpful as the child has the information at their desk and does not need to keep putting up their hand or feel embarrassed to ask questions. Inclusive education creates a supportive environment for all, from providing academic support to behavioural support. There is a need for consistency throughout the school community. If the children with SEN feel part of the school they and their families will feel valued for who they are. By developing inclusion in education, hopefully children will grow up to respect those with different needs and stop prejudices and stereotypes in wider society. Children are being prepared for their future adult life in the community, it is important to remember that â€Å"today’s classmates are tomorrow’s employers†. (Heartland Equity and Inclusion Project {n.d.} ) EVALUATE the benefits of working in partnership with parents and other professionals It is vital to work with parents as they have day to day knowledge of their child and over the years will have found ways of dealing with their needs. Parents see the child with their own needs and characteristics. Sometimes this may be forgotten in an educational setting where there are many other children to be looked after and educated. There is also an emotional attachment between parents and their child and this needs to be respected by staff particularly if there is conflict in opinions and what is deemed to be best for the child. Some parents may have different viewpoints and opinions to that of practitioners. These will need to be discussed professionally and hopefully get an agreement. When I have discussed issues with parents they are normally very supportive particularly if you can explain how it will benefit their child. I have normally managed to come up with suggestions that promote a positive outcome. Parents often just need guidance particularly if they are worried about how their child is progressing in the classroom. With modern technology it is often easy to show parents new apps or websites that can help them support their child at home. At one parents evening I had my IPad and was able to show a parent maths activities to help develop basic maths skills. The parent was delighted as they had not thought of using the IPad in that way. Depending on the disability of the child will also influence what support might be needed by parents. I was involved in planning a year 7 school trip to York. All pupils were going. There was one pupil who was in a wheelchair. They were able to come with because I asked the mother if she would like to join us. She said she would and then I was able to plan the best thing for the pupil. It necessitated her being in different accommodation as the hostel couldn’t cope with her sleeping arrangements. But the rest of the trip was fine. She had a great time and all children helped support her during the trip and whilst visiting the different sites. It must also be remembered when working with parents that they may have their own disabilities. They need to be respected and help from external agencies may be necessary to help parents attend meetings and other school events. Depending on a child’s needs may determine what outside agencies are needed to provide support for the child and the school. For example speech and language therapists, health visitors and social workers or GP’s and paediatricians. The child can only learn if all their needs are taken into account. Schools and other educational setting may not have the expertise needed therefore outside agencies must be used as a support for the school as well as the child and their family. Educational settings are there primarily to provide learning and knowledge and the better use of outside expertise the easier it will be for the child to access learning whilst coping with their problems. In one school I taught in a Chinese child joined. He was not able to speak or understand any English. The school provided a translator who came into classes and helped support him for a term. By the end of the academic year he was able to communicate with staff and pupils and had made very good progress academically. DESCRIBE how practitioners can adapt their existing practice to support children with disabilities or specific requirements. There are many different areas where adaptation needs to be made to existing practice. This is why there needs to be a whole school approach. Firstly the learning environment to allow the child to move around safely. From putting in ramps and stair lifts to repositioning furniture in classrooms to cope with the disability of the child. The timetable of a class may need to be altered so that the lessons are in a downstairs room rather than upstairs. The teaching resources and materials will also need to be adapted according to the needs of the individual. Worksheets may need to be changed or provided for those with learning disabilities like dyslexia. Pictures and diagrams may need to be used rather than just the written word. Vocabulary sheets can also be provided to assist with understanding. I taught one group of pupils with very low ability in maths and I printed off large posters with pictures to help them understand and for them to be able to see the information all the time. For example months of the year, times of the day. This also helped them to learn to spell important words. I have also taught a pupil with very poor eye sight in PE. I had a ball that had a bell in it to allow her to hear it and other children helped her in small game situations. I also used larger and colourful balls when teaching throwing and catching skills. When teaching deaf children it is necessary to consider where to position the child and the teacher throughout the lesson. I have worn an audio box to allow the child to pick up what I am saying. Providing extra support is important as well as adapting activities. A child may need help with personal care for example getting changed for PE or swimming. Depending on the lesson will determine what support or adaptation is needed. I have included lots of group work to help children who have no confidence in maths to support each other. The children then don’t feel that they are stupid. I have taught a pupil with dyscalculia and he needed more one-to-one support that group work. I have also taught a child who needed support in maths only when I was doing work that needed graphs drawing or the use of compasses and protractors. The rest of the time he was fine and near the top of the class. He also needed support when it was assessment time as he lacked confidence in himself. Many children with disabilities are the same. The emotional needs of a child is also important so it may be necessary to adapt how to deal with behavioural issues that come up. The child may just need some time out or somewhere to go if they can’t cope in the classroom setting. Adapting existing practice is challenging and the advantage of inclusion is that when all children are taught together differentiation often helps all children. Those with disabilities or specific learning requirements become part of the group and with extra support in the classroom are easier to help. Reference List Inclusive Schools Network, Together We Learn Better: Inclusive Schools Benefit All Children.  www.inclusiveschools.org Sponsored by Stetson and Associates, Inc. Houston, TX (n.d)  (accessed 04 June 2014) Heartland Equity and Inclusion Project, Why Is Inclusion Important? Heartland Community College (N.D.) www.heartland.edu/help/inclusion/importance.jsp  (accessed 03 June 2014) Special Educational Needs Code of Practice November 2001  Ref: DfES/581/2001 http://media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/pdf/s/special%20educational20needs%20code%20of20practice.pdf United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006 http://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml Cox, P.R. Dykes, M.K. ‘Effective Classroom Adaptations for Students with Visual Impairments’, in Teaching Exceptional Children July/August 2001 www.pathstoliteracy.org  (accessed 30 May 2014)

Belonging and Difference in Imagined Communities Essay -- Media Commun

Belonging and Difference in Imagined Communities Much recent theory has been concerned with defining and examining 'new media': the forms of communication and mediation that have arisen through advances in electronics and digital technologies. These new media forms and the speed of their dissemination are paralleled by faster transportation and the movement and subsequent settlement of peoples across the globe in what has come to be called 'diaspora'. The situation is such that many of the old boundaries and barriers by which nations defined themselves have become less certain, challenged by the increasing power of people to move across them whether literally or figuratively. Diaspora has become a term in academic parlance that is associated with the experience of travel or the introduction of ambiguity into discourses of home and belonging. It is in some ways a reaction to liberal ideas of multiculturalism. Diasporic subjects often seem to be under the 'law of the hyphen' (Mishra, 421-237), they defy 'classical epistemologies' and 'jostle to find room in a space that has yet to be semanticized, the dash between two surrounding words'. Today, there are many more people whose bodies do not 'signify an unproblematic identity of selves with nations' (Mishra, 431). According to Vijay Mishra, this gives rise to the creation in plural/multicultural societies of an 'impure genre of the hyphenated subject' (Mishra, 433). This subject is in search of an ultimate national identity, with the meaning of such unwieldy nomenclatures as African-American, Asian-Australian and the like not coming to rest on either constitutive term, but being 'lost' somewhere in the hyphen. New media both exacerbate and alleviate this exilic consciousness... .... New York, Hampton Press, 1996, p 132. Mishra, Vijay. â€Å"The Diasporic Imaginary: Theorizing the Indian Diaspora.† Textual Practice 10:3: (1996): 421-237. Papastergiadis, Nikos. â€Å"Introduction: In Home in Modernity.† In Dialogues in the Diasporas, New York University Press, 1998. Shohat, Ella. â€Å"By the Bitstream of Babylon: Cyberfrontiers and Diasporic vistas.† Home, Exile, Homestead: Film, Media and the Politics of Place, ed Hamid Naficy, NY, Routledge, 1998, p 219. Sinfield, Alan. â€Å"Diaspora and Hybridity: Queer Identities and the Ethnicity Model.† Textual Practice 10:2, 1996, p 271-293. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. â€Å"Diasporas old and new: women in the transnational world.† Textual Practice 10:2, 1996, p 245-269. Tepper, Michele. "Usenet Communities and the Cultural Politics of Information" in Internet Culture, ed. Porter, D. Routledge, London, 1997.

hannibal :: essays research papers

When Hannibal was nine he went with his father on the to conquer Spain. Before starting, the kid swore to hate Rome. In two years he conquered all Spain between the Tagus and Iberus rivers. The Romans branded this attack a violation of the existing treaty between Rome and Carthage and demanded that Carthage surrender Hannibal to them. On the refusal of the Carthaginians to do so, the Romans declared war on Carthage, so because of that they precipitated in the Second Punic War. The march on Rome began Hannibal left Spain with an army of about 40,000, including cavalry and a lot of elephants carrying baggage and later used in battle. He traversed the Alps in 15 days, beset by snowstorms, landslides, and the attacks of hostile mountain tribes. After recruiting additional men and invaded the Roman provinces. Then Rome sent to oppose Hannibal. Avoiding any decisive encounter with the Carthaginian troops, they nevertheless succeeded in keeping Hannibal at bay, and giving the Romans the op portunity to recover from their military reverses. Hannibal wintered at Gerontium, and then he took up a position at Cannae on the Aufidus River. There he almost completely annihilated a Roman army of more than 50,000 men. Carthaginian losses were about 6700 men. After the Battle of Cannae, the character of the war underwent a change. Hannibal needed reinforcements, which the Carthaginian government refused to give, and he also lacked weapons. He marched on Naples, but failed to take the city. The gates of Capua, one of the Italian cities that had fallen to Hannibal in consequence of his victory at Cannae, were opened to him. then Hannibal attempted to take Rome, but the Romans successfully maintained their fixed positions. The Romans then retook Capua. After four years of inconclusive fighting, Hannibal turned for aid to his brother Hasdrubal, who forthwith marched from Spain. Hasdrubal, however, was surprised, defeated, and slain by the Roman consul Gaius Claudius Nero in the Batt le of the Metauro River. After 15 years, and with Hannibal’s army getting smaller and smaller he was recalled to Africa to direct the defense of his country against a Roman invasion When he got there his raw troops fled, many deserting to the Romans, and his veterans were cut down.

How Social Networking Makes Money Essay

A.Social networking is a daily activity for most of us. Facebook, Twitter all this sites have hundreds of millions of users. One thing I always think about, are these sites are businesses? It’s free to join and you do not need to pay to start building networking. B.If we take a look at the stock of the entire social media network we will find that the companies are valued in the billions of dollars. It’s a booming industry. How do they make money? Reasons A.First thing, social networks start with funding from Venture capitalists. a. Facebook & Google are the great example. They can reach very large audience at a very low cost. b. Creative Products & Promotions for example face book’s gifts. B.Data mining a. Data is the base of any business. It is potentially very valuable for companies’ growth. b. Some companies are â€Å"eavesdropping† on conversations, reading what users are saying about their products or competitor’s product. For Example Yelp, Twitter C. Advertising & fees the most common way for websites to generate revenue. a. A social networking site like Facebook has millions of active users. Access to that enormous user base is a valuable commodity. b. Charging for membership fees: To use certain features of the site they ask for the upgrade. For example, linked in. Linked in withhold key features from users until they choose to upgrade to a premium account. I hope this gives you a sense of why the market shares are in billions for these sites and where social networks are and where they are going to be in future. It is a growing industry and one can actually start making money from social networking sites. Invest your time learning how to make money with this.

How Economic Growth Shaped Dubai as a City

HOW stinting GROWTH SHAPED DUBAI AS A CITYAs powerful and authoritative as they atomic number 18, history has shown us urban centers argon vulnerable to extremist alterations, albeit if they atomic number 18 slap-up or bad, forced or uncoerced, they domiciliate the capablenesss to transform the urban center.jpg src=https//s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1499275.002.pngThis essay aims to research how a metropolis can be modify by a force, and as a premier illustration the designated metropolis chosen is Dubai. As one of the life-sizedgest and fastest crook metropoliss, the metropolis is an ideal illustration as Dubai has trick upn quickly to make a re vomite for itself. It is merely within the brook 30 old ages, that the metropolis has go out quick increment, chiefly collect to income generated from embrocate gross besides in addition from sparingal sciences and industrial developments.Context Dubai pre embrocate regain on the Arabian Gulf, Duba i began as a hamlets for travelers and bargainers, before it was by and by open as a fish menial townspeople in 1830. The majority of income in the hoidenish came from fishing and off-whiteing, speckle the initial primordial motivation for incorporate in the landed estate was chiefly moneymaking(prenominal)ised. This was collectable to the purpose to put in the spice trade a tiny trade good during the break off cod to its usage in the saving of nutrient. The Lusitanian were the jump to colonize the gulf, with the British subsequently emerging as a bullocky diverge within the Gulf break a occasion for strategic grounds.The first comprise of Dubais urban development occurred from 1900 to 1955 nevertheless the everywhereall development was slow and limited due to scotch restraints and fringy maturement in population. British influence remained strong during this period, highlighted by means of the farmings aid with a series of development undertakings. At the clip many an(prenominal) of these undertakings were arranged in prediction of fiscal addition from oil gross. until now British hegemony finally weakened interest WW2, taking to a planetary rise in anti-colonial motions, with the united states emerging as a replacing.Dubai as a grammatical constituent was divided into countries laid at the unwritten cavity of the brook, by which the full population was confined to three little enclaves. This country was of great importance at the clip, as the chief gross of income came from fishing and pearl diving. Until 1955, the urban country did non transcend 320 hect ar, with the big sight of the land used for residential intents, speckle countries for commercial infinite were limited. introductory to the first building of a cover edifice in 1956, the huge bulk of local dwellers lived in traditional Barasti places, make from thenar fronds. The places were built in bunchs to turn in the occupants with privateness, but anyways t ribal auspices as a group.Discovery of oilThe strike of oil in commercial measures in 1966, acted as the accelerator for quick growing and substructure development within Dubai. Aware that the finite resource result finally go scarce, the pick was make to diversify the countrys economic foundations, with touristry the desired arena. The gross generated as a consequence, was invested into substructure developments much(prenominal) as schools, infirmaries, roads and besides a freshlyfangled telecommunications web. This urban growing was allowed due to 3 chief factors economic richness, technological progresss in transit and besides political alterations over land usage.While the touristry sector generates the bulk of the citys surplus, the province besides additions value through and through a series of free-trade zones and high tech bunchs. This attracts companies to put and re-located to Dubai, due to freedom and openness of Dubais trading Torahs, with the correlativity o f greatest growing in mega enclaves or specialized bunchs.The first stage of Dubais urban growing was characterised as spacial enlargement established through size, visual aspect, and the citys urban morphology, while the 2nd stage was focused on the thought of pack together growing. This period extended from 1955 to 1970, during which British influence still remained strong, reflected through the states influence on assorted undertakings, such as that of British designer Jon Harris. In 1960 Harris manifested the thought of fully grown Dubai a more usable and modern-day layout, through the proviso of a pass system, and specific countries for industry, commercial, public and residential countries, and besides the creative activity of a advanced town Centre.Dubai after oilThe fetch of oil in commercial measures drove Dubais economic addition, leting the metropolis to turn out out at a more rapid rate. In 1971, Harris new lord program was introduced to better the citys sub structure, while his vision to spatially organize the metropolis into countries of different usage was besides manifested. Numerous developments besides occurred on the corridor along Skeikh Zayed Road, Nicknamed new Dubai , the country emerged as the new commercial and fiscal Centre of the metropolis.thither is an compulsion for everything to be massive and al-Quran breakage, highlighted through the heroic proportions of Dubais undertakings the tallest edifice, the biggest fruitless island, the largest subject park, biggest promenade and the largest international airdrome, are a few to the list. Dubais urban individuality is of all time altering, with the deform to make extraordinary architecture shown through the latest proposal of a 11 gradatory table of the spheres best of, dwelling of landmarks such as the Eiffel tower and pyramids of Giza.Spatially, Dubai is divided into citys which issue for different industries, while many of the Dubais thrashscrapers are located a long Sheikh Zayed Road, a offer of main road associating Dubai to Abu Dhabi. Of the assorted citys , the chief consist of an meshwork metropolis, an substructure environment which caters for the citys ICT on a local and planetary scope. Situated nearby is Media metropolis, which is arranged in a similar manner to net metropolis, with the primary industry directed at media, while studio city is a developed country which caters for production demands. Amidst the rapid enlargement of industrial metropoliss, and sky scrapers, on that point is an interesting deficiency of cultural undertakings such as museums and Centres, once more perchance raising the point of a insensitive metropolis.The population of Dubai in 1995 counted at about(predicate) 700,000, while the figure now stands at over 2 million, a drastic addition in a laconic period of clip. This figure is multi-cultural, with the locals organizing minority, and amidst this population combination, decree is real unfetter ed minded. This free and unfastened political orientation has helped Dubais growing as it encourages investing and touristry. in that location are downsides, with the diverse population mix, and location of the metropolis at the tip of the Arabian Peninsula, intending the part can be vulnerable to a figure of struggles. However these struggles have been terminate spatially, achieved through a policy which promotes co-existence, but can besides be be as controlled segregation through delimitate lodgers such as enclaves and zones.While the rapid growing is monumental and without uncertainty impressive, in that respect are critics to the Dubais growing. The mega undertakings are sensed as economic and corporately endeavourn, with the metropolis abstracted distinguishable history and soul . rase so that the Burj lead designer tom turkey Wright admitted he did non cognize where Dubai was located introductory to the undertaking. The Sail and thenars are easy placeable symbols, and have been used smartly as a selling gambit. Claimed as symbols of Dubai, they are act more as cosmopolite characters and are non needfully entirely link up to Dubai or the UAE.DecisionIt is without uncertainty that the find of oil on a commercial graduated table has been the chief drive force behind Dubais drastic alteration from a fishing small town, to planetary mega metropolis. The gross generated has acted as the springboard for investings, and development on big graduated tables nevertheless other complecting factors have to be considered for the citys transmutation. The province control free market capitalist thrift helps supply Dubai with an unfastened market to turn, really much like how China has, while in comparing to metropoliss such as London, which is restricted by its history. The strategic hunt down to diversify and turn Dubai into a heroic tourer finish, was the concluding portion of mystifier as to talk, with the addition in monumental undertakings such a s The universe islands , The touch and Burj Khalifa, merely a few to call, which cater for tourers, and besides specify Dubai as a metropolis.Amidst the flashiness and glamor, the metropolis is non a functional as it appears to be, with many to the freshly make edifices, aimed towards bring forthing gross, opposed to spacial jobs. There is an sole nature to Dubais mega undertakings, with many located offshore, and controlled entree thorough a assortment of agencies security guards, debutway fees.While societal divisions have been created within the population due to the rapid growing, frequently between the privileged, and workers. As a whole metropolis lacks historic context and individuality prior to the economic roar, whether if that is a negative or non remains to be seen, with the metropolis turning at an dismaying yet impressive rate, the sky and sea is the bound BibliographyTextDavis, M. , 2008.Evil Edens never-never lands of Neoliberalism.s.l. The New Press.Elsheshtawy, Y. , 2004.Planing Middle Eastern Cities An urban Kaleidoscope in a globalizing universe.s.l. Routledge.Mangan, J. , 2008.Global Logistics and Supply kitchen stove Management.s.l. John Wiley &038 A Sons.Wright, H. , 2008.Instantaneous Cities. basic edition erect dysfunction. s.l. Black Dog Publishing First edition.Brook, D. , 2013.nextcity. Online Available atnextcity.org/daily/entry/how-dubai-became-dubai( Accessed 30 December 2014 ) .ImagesWeburbanist. ( N.D )City image Online Image hypertext graft communications protocol //weburbanist.com/2011/02/21/then-now-the-stunning-speed-of-urban-development/ ( Acessed 12 January 2015 )David Teather. ( 2009 ) bay wreath Islands resort Online Image hypertext transfer protocol //www.theguardian.com/business/2009/dec/21/dubai-world-dubai ( Acessed 12 January 2015 )Dubaiforvisitors. ( N.D ) Dubai Map Online Image hypertext transfer protocol //dubaiforvisitors.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/dubai-map.jpg ( Acessed 12 January 2015 )1

Globalisation of Entertainment Industry in India

GLOBALISATION OF ENTERTAINMENT constancy IN INDIA INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALISATION(HSS F317) Submitted By Submitted To * Sankalp Bhatia Mr. T. Chakraborty * Tanish Anand De rolement of Humanities and Languages * Manas Lohani * Aks form Sandooja * Keshav caravanseraina ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A comprehensive report always con ten dollar billds the goodwill, encouragement, guidance and remain firm of some an separate(prenominal) people. We would homogeneous to thank the Instructor in-charge of the course, Mr. Tathagato Chakraborty for on the wholeowing us to explore current aspects ab come forward report physical composition d unrivalled this exercise.We atomic number 18 g trampful to our instructor for swell-favoured an opportunity to prep ar a report on the topic sphere-wideization of Entertainment sedulousness in India. Also, we would equal to thank him for his unflinching support and guidance. We similar immaterial ack picturelyledge with gratitude the consistent coo peration received from the BITS Library staff. The books they provided us served as an ideal data source which helped us throughout in the discipline of this report. We wish to speak our appreciation to the enormous help given by our friends who sp bed a great numerate of their valu adapted meter in going through the manuscript and providing suggestions.CONTENTS * portal * Indian pic exertion * Current bit * Emergence of juvenile sources of income * Digitalisation of screens and attach in the number of screens * out office(prenominal) Investment * Shooting in irrelevant locations * uphill 3D cinema and ripe VFX * New merchandise Techniques * Indian Music Industry * Effect on Bollywood * Effect on Indian unadulterated melody * Effect on tuneful instruments * Indian boob tube Industry * everywhereview * Entry of unusual players * Case Study paladin Nedeucerk * range Wars * Foreign fill and storylines Ch positivelyenges faced by the constancy * Case study on v iewership in Delhi * Bibliography The Globalisation of Indian Entertainment and Media (E&M)Industry-An introduction Indias delight providence is ontogenesis quickly, and the world is taking note. The res publica is among the worlds youngest nations, with much than half a billion people under the age of 25. With approbatory demographics and a rise in us fit incomes, the aptness to spend on leisure and frolic is bring forthing faster than the parsimoniousness itself.Enticed by economic ease and the vast volume of demand for leisure and sport, many of the world(a) media giants ar starting to set denounce in this boorish, once knget as a land of snake charmers. In repenny days, the Indian entertainment and media (E&M) perseverance has out-performed the Indian economy and companies from all over the globe be increasingly envision their process linked to emerging and developing giants like India, which is why they atomic number 18 promptly foc employ on emergence and branding their businesses in this grocery store. The E&M effort-The study portionsThe media and entertainment sedulousness consists of many divergent components under its f aniles much(prenominal) as telly, print, and reads. It to a fault includes petty(a)er segments like radio, medicament, OOH(Out of household Media is an advertising medium which reaches out to the difficult-to-reach andSEC Aconsumers wherever they argon, thus go the crusader an all day prime cartridge holder. ), animation, gaming and ocular effects (VFX) and Internet advertising. 1Entertainment Industry in India has registered an explosive growth in live on ii decades making it atomic number 53 of the fastest growing industries in India.From a single state have pipeline, Doordarshan in the 1990s to to a greater extent(prenominal) than 400 active bring,the E&M industriousness is galloping, even through hard-bitten measure when new(prenominal)wises be facing recession. SIZE OF IN DUSTRY The interior(prenominal) entertainment industry was estimated at more(prenominal) or less Rs 225. 0 billion and provided employment opportunities for roughly 6. 0 one thousand thousand people in the course of instruction 1999. In basis of irrelevant exchange earnings, the industry contri excepted nigh Rs 4,000. 0 gazillion in the year 1999. In the year 2008, the E&M Industry s excessivelyd at INR 584 billion, a growth of al just about 12. %,every subsequent year. Over the next hardly a(prenominal) years, this industry is communicate to grow at a CAGR of 12. 5% & reach the surface of INR 1152 billion by 2017. PROPELLERS OF GROWTH-The study Factors The growth in this sector of the Indian economy has been propelled by a number of performers such(prenominal) as (a)the corporatization of the contain industry, (b)a booming television sector, (c)a fast growing radio sector, (d)a lucubrateing grocery store for print products and otherwise technological changes such as the approaching of digital technology. any(prenominal) of the portentous changes include the exit of new niche content literary genres such as reality television the India Premier League (IPL), with play emerging as a mainstream entertainment genre worldwideistization of Indian media and an increase achievement of content for orbiculate auditory modality, launch of TV convey such as NDTV Arabia and NDTV Malaysia, launch of German edition of Filmf atomic number 18 magazine publisher in 2008 and co- business and production of Hollywood exposures by Indian players and a substantial increase in Foreign Direct Investment into the Indian media sector.With $88 one million million million of FDI f economic crisising into the media sector in the last trine years, increased density of alternative delivery platforms and digitization be collectively ever-ever-changing consumption patterns in the entertainment industry across India. Media sectors,regarded as sunset sect ors in mature trades,are flourishing in India. For example,the theme publisher industry,which is rapidly declining in other developed countries, is flourishing in India, on account of increasing literacy levels, consumer expending and the growth of regional markets and specialty newspapers. intelligence activitypapers account for 42% of all advertising spend in India, the some of any medium. Indian TELEVISION INDUSTRY Television is one of the major(ip)(ip) segments of the Indian entertainment industry and has thousands of programs in all the states of India. India is the third elephantinest television market in the world. 5The small screen has produced numerous celebrities of their own cordial with well-nigh even attaining national fame. TV soaps are extremely popular with housewives as well as working women. The increasing popularity in the planet electrify television segment has been a major cause for the high growth in this industry.The cable subscriber base has increas ed from around 0. 05 million in the early 90s to around 24. 0 million in the year 1999-2000 is further estimated to increase to nearly 120. 0 million by the end of 2013. With the rapid proliferation of channel (over 75), and the privatization of DD, growth in this segment is ramble to be rather high. Indian Film Industry You are not a true Indian if u dont follow play or bollywood This is the conflict the pip industry has had on the minds of Indian people. Indians adore to watch movies.With the advent of improved technologies in all aspects from pullulate production (Rise of 3D cinema, Advent of digital cinema and the growth of multiplexes)to marketing(wanna see a movie and all stores are closed buy it on the google playstore,or watch it online ),the increased corporatisation of industry(Collaboration with worldwide studios International characterisation studios such as Warner Bros. , Disney, Fox and Dreamworks etc) and Resurgence of regional cinema, the Indian Film Industr y has become the biggest subscriber in the growth of the E&M indusry. exit GAGA-THE BOOM IN RADIO INDUSTRYOne of the major drivers that bring on helped the media industry in India digestter along at a blistering pace has been the good old radio. AM, FM and even Satellite piano tuner excite do a grand impact on the Industry in India. The stage is set for major tax income growth among the various Radio Channels. In fact what we are seeing is not some newfound love for the old medium scarcely just the natural uncoiling of the market after the liberalisation and privatisation of the industry Everything is new and nice at the moment. hoi polloi in India today are spoilt for choice. Be it any media platform they consecrate a mound of channel to choose from.In fact audience to FM Radio in India is veryweird, as it seems too peck without the usual news on the hour. lecture aboutweirdof all the things Satellite Radio is here. WORLDSPACE has got around 6 viosterol0 subscribe rs in India. Thats two thirds of its broad(a) audience around the world. People like it because it is clean without commercials. In some developed markets though where broadband penetration is high people dupe gateway to thousands of radio convey via the Internet. Satellite radio thus does not generally do well on that point. The other limitations of artificial satellite radio are the unavailability of takeout devices in the country.THE MUSIC INDUSTRY The Indian entertainment industry is incomplete without the inclusion of harmony. Music,since the 90s has become the underlying part of the Indian cinema. you will construct to search hard to find an indian movie that doesnt control a air. its not just the mentality of producers, its the public demand that drives the producers to include songs, whether its justified or not. Over the years, the importance of unison has only increased, specially in case of the movie industry. Of late, movies spend a penny bygone on t o become huge successes largely on the backdrop of good practice of medicine.While the popularity of stool music increased, it also resulted in the growth of other segments such as remix, Indi-pop etc. Distributors Despite major changes occurring in the industry, close to of the audience is still dependent on dispersal network . Since timing is a very life-or-death factor here, only the companies with wider reach are able to thrive and generate profits. As distribution companies carry on a major part of the profits generated in this industry, majority of them arrive at diversified into setting up of their own retail stores. HMV is a pioneer in this area and has an excellent chain of stores at its disposal.This strategy has helped the companies to gauge the consumers changing perceptions and revamp their product offerings to mate the popular demand. Exchange of talent Globalisation has helped the music production companies to share the multinational pool of talent. The rat e of usage of international talent increased staggeringly after the 1990s. Later, many artists internationally re at a successionned artists have traitd in Indian songs and vice versa. A. R. Rahman comprise and produced music for the enterSlumdog Million variante andResul Pookutty mixed the sound for the aforesaid(prenominal) direct.such(prenominal) examples display not only the impact of global companies on the indian industries, but that of Indians on the global stage. HINDI FILM INDUSTRY Current function -The Hindoo film Industry popularly cognise as Bollywood is the main contributor to the Indian film industry after regional address film industries like Bengali, Tamil, Telegu and Marathi. The Indian film industry is projected to grow at a CAGR of 10. 1 per cent to touch INR 150 Billion in 2016. The industry was estimated to be INR 93 billion in 2011 indicating a growth of 11. 5 per cent as compared to 2010.Although the countrys filmed entertainment industry is the lar gest in the world in toll of the number of films it produces (about 900) and its mental re creation admissions (around 3 billion), it keeps to be small in size in terms of tax income, principally payable to low ticket realization and oc instillancy levels. Moreover, lack of theatrical role content and rising competition from Hollywood films continue to affect it. extr fulfill-The Indian Bollywood Industry, DIBD-OMI, May 2012. However, one cannot unde take a breathimate the changes that have taken place in the Indian cinema due the fast globalizing or westernizing world.After Indian economy opened its gates for the rest of the world, a lot investment in terms of technology and funds have entered into the industry. Although 22 years since 1991 might seem a small time frame in the film industry, but it frame quite significant in terms of the progresses made. With more awareness, Bollywood has realized that it is necessary to work an ambience in the movies, so the movies targ et both the Indian gloss as well as a more international culture afield. Hence over the last 10 years Bollywood has become more international and has begun targeting a more global audience than forward.Films like K3G, Kal ho na ho, My Name is caravan inn, Salaam Namaste, and tardily Cocktail, have been a success in the overseas market mainly because of their portrayal of Indians living abroad. Bollywood films are not only watched by people in India, but also neighbouring countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka watch the movies. Moreover, countries with large groups of Hindoo and Urdu public speaking population like Australia, UK, Africa and the US have many Bollywood fans. And countries like Russia and Japan are also buyers of Bollywood productions. nowadays, with the ever transforming world and tastes of the the viewers, the Indian film industry is trying its level best to lucifer up to the needs. Some of the changes seen in the recent times are whic h can be attributed to globalisation are- 1. Emergence of new source of income. Although revenues from the theatre segment constitute around 60% of the overall revenue for a movie, other revenue streams have begun to rush a meaningful contribution. The trend of selling satellite and home- tv set rights prior to release gained momentum in 2010, and has enabled producers to consume lesser risks in their business models.Most of the revenues of the films are now earned within the low gear week itself which gives the film producers a chance to sell TV rights and air the movies earlier than before. A lot of films are now premiered very soon after they are creation released and the satellite rights are sold well before the movies are released . Due to this, piracy is not that big an issue that it was a few years ago. owe to these strategies, 2012 proved to be a good year for Bollywood with 6 movies crossing the 100 crore mark. credit-KPMG 2. Digitalisation of screens and increase in the number of screens. To fight ne of the threats of piracy which was one way or the other because of other sources of information like internet, the film industry now a days do not pull their physical prints at the theatres, rather they are relayed through satellite technologies like UFO. This has increased the no. of screens in which the movie runs many folds. Consider the case of Salman Khans starting signal movie maine Pyar Kiya which released across 500 screens in India and compare it with Ek tha tiger which opened to a record 3300 screens . The growth of multiplexes has improved the movie-going recognize for Indian audiences and has led to increase per-ticket realization.Rising urbanization and growing disposable incomes are also driving increased investments in multiplexes. In addition, theatres with low seating capacities allow cost-efficient screening of movies that are targeted at niche audiences. However, there is still further ground to be covered. The sightly num ber of screens per million in India is presently12, as compared to the global average of 54 screens per million. The number of multiplex screens in India is expected to increase from 1,000 in 2010 to 1,405 by 2013. Source KPMG 3. Foreign Investment With the liberalisation of indian economy in the 90s, we have seen that international film studios like Warner Bros. , Disney, Fox and DreamWorks have entered into collaborations with local film production houses to develop Hindi and regional movies. Saawariya, in 2007 was the first-year Hollywood produced Bollywood movie in India. My Name is Khan, produced by Fox Star Studios was a huge success both in India and abroad. Walt Disney, who earlier held a 50% stake in UTV, has now acquired a controlling stake in UTV Software Communications.Viacom18 has also entered a deal with the global movie gild Paramount Pictures to market and distribute the latters movies in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. It has already ventured into production of H indi language movies, and the new deal is expected to help create a distribution network. Local film production can benefit from the experience of these international studios to expand their international reach and incorporate enhanced project planning and cost controls. In a exhibit to make India a filming destination, the Ministry of Information andBroadcasting is looking for for setting up a Film tutelage that will initially act as a single-window clearance agency to issue permits for shooting. At present, international producers need to seek many approvals. While they require script approvals from the ministries like I&B Ministry and the Ministry of remote Affairs, cast and crew approvals are required from the Ministry of Home Affairs. Based on the kind of shots and location, they need approvals from usage Department, the Archaeological Survey of India besides several other local and State authorities.Following excerpt from a newspaper names how creating such a single win dow clearance system can affect the Indian Filmmakers. Source HT City, Hindustan generation, 14th April, 2013 4. Shooting in extraneous locations, a boost for touristry In the recent past, many films have been extensively shot in impertinent locations Movie Country Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara Spain Rockstar Czech commonwealth RA. One unify Kingdom Don 2 Germany Ek Main Aur Ek Tu United States of America Worldwide, countries offer various incentives to encourage film producers to use their locations to shoot films.Incentives are offered in the spare-time activity forms Cash price reductions where a certain role of wasting disease in a country is provided as rebate to the film producers Tax credits where a percentage of expenditure in a country is allowed as credit against the income. Exemption from or refund of tub and Customs duty. Interest dispatch loans Soft patronage negotiated tourism benefits, such as easier processing of visas, and discounts on accommodation and travel. Benefits of film incentives regime- Boost to the tourism industry Films shot in foreign locations depict diversity, history and landscapes of a country which help in increasing tourism in a country. * Benefits to the economy In menstruum of foreign exchange. * Boost to local film production For example, the success of Slumdog Millionaire, which was shot in India and was a collaboration between Hollywood and Indian film technicians, helped the Indian film production houses secure more business. * Technological exchange * Creation of employment opportunity Hiring of local technicians. Cultural Exchange Some Facts- * The flow of Indian tourists to Australia increased by 20% from 20042006, especially after the success of Salaam Namaste. * The production of Heyy Babyy injected around US$2. 1 million into the states economy where it was shot. * Switzerland hosts around 150,000 tourists from India and large number of Bollywood movies are shot in the country every year. * more US states such as California, New York, Michigan,Nevada and doh offer incentives to film and television production companies from India.Many Bollywood movies have been shot in the US including My Name is Khan, Kabhi alvida na kehna, Kal ho na ho, to name a few. 5. Emerging 3D cinema and Advanced VFX- 3D is a prominent theme these days and has demonstrated its significant potential with benefits such as increased audience affiancement, increased ticket prices and the exclusivity of the medium, i. e, the theaters. The success of Avatar has taken 3D movie-making to new heights. Multiplexes could look at the feasibility of investing larger amounts on 3D screens to mate the growing demand to view 3D.There is an emerging market for 3D movies in India with movies like Any eubstance Can Dance, Dangerous Ishqq, Ra. One and Haunted-3D. A new window of opportunity could open up if Bollywood is able to produce high quality 3D content. The visual effects (VFX) industry is a rapidly growing seg ment in India. It includes the creation of live action imagery by utilize computer-generated effects. It is increasingly beingness used by the visual media in India and can be classified into the following verticals movies, TV shows and advertisements.The segment is still at its nascent stage with mainly low-end work being done in India. home(prenominal) consumption is small, and therefore, the bulk of the work includes outsourced projects from the US and the UK. However, the domesticated market is seeing bigger budget movies and ad campaigns, which are now open to spend more on VFX to provide an enhanced visual experience to viewers. There has been a significantly high growth in the number of VFX companies operating in India. harmonise to some estimates, there are more than 40 major domestic VFX companies catering to the needs of domestic and international clients.Currently, India accounts for only around 10% of the total animation and VFX outsourcing pie. However, there is scope for growth and the amount of work coming to India from Hollywood is on the rise. In late 2011, VenSat Tech Services, a VFX company, joined workforce with Reliance MediaWorks Limited to set up a VFX, computer graphics and animation team. 6. New Market Techniques. With more Hollywood movies getting released in India, Indian movies are adopting newer marketing techniques like selling merchandises, video games, toys etc. The indian film Ra.One was a first of its kind campaign with a complete 360 peak approach. Films like Harry Potter, Shrek, Superman, Batman have been palmyly using this approach for their campaigns. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN MUSIC Effect on Bollywood One distinguishing feature of Indian films has always been its music. While the musical disordered its dominance as a genre in Hollywood in the early 1960s, largely due to the advent of rock music, Indian music scenario axiom no such change. With the advent of talkies, Indian films started incorporati ng songs as an important element of the narrative.The sets and costumes, action scenes, presentation of stars, apostolical dialogues, and song and dance sequences became the main attraction in a movie for the fans. Song sequences are used for several purposes in films. Sometimes a song is a narrative part of the film other times it is used as a dreaming sequence, or the lovers fantasy. Sometimes they function to allow an rumination of feeling that cannot be articulated otherwisenotably the declaration of love. When music channels like MTV and V on cable and FM radio started roadcasting in India, the Hindi film music gained even more popularity. The music is important economically since the sale of music rights may recover a good part of the budget of the film. Recently, the film industry has been pre-releasing soundtracks for films along with music videos(which are basically clips of the songs from the film) some months in advance. This heightens pre-release arouse among audienc es and act as advertisements of the film. The latest trend that has been started is that of full point Numbers.The overt hypersexualization of the song-dance sequence is a kind of MTVization of Hindi film music the song is box as a 5-minute video which can advertise the film and be sold as an free-lance commodity. A musical industry old timekeeper has said Whereas in older song-and-dance sequence the titillating had an element of coy and the tentative, today the erotic has in it elements of rank sexuality, brutish pride, and vulgarity. Naked feet adorned by anklets have been replaced with high leather boots and the pelvic thrusts display the hunger of a newly-unleashed sexuality.As in other spheres, in the theatre of sexuality, the Indian adventure with globalisation is on display Item numbers have become economic necessity for film producers, singers, and music directors who want to market themselves to a global audience, to broaden the appeal of Hindi film music, and to attra ct younger, upward mobile, city- found audiences. The song-dance sequences have taken on an international look, using a multi-cultural dance cast and hip hop- twined clothing. Such tastes and representations are far too alien to the clownish and lower middle class audiences. Effect on Indian Classical MusicIndian culture has been attached with music since long time, with traditionalistic Indian music being the most famous among Indians till the time globalisation hit the country. westward culture followers are increasing in India due to adoptive reputation of Indian consumers. Though the number of youth listening to traditional Indian music may have declined but globalization has acted as a two way street in its truest sense. Indian classical musical instruments like veena, sitar and table have been collective heavily into the World Music genre which focuses on fusion and bringing out the spiritual side of music.Artists like Pandit Ravi Shankar, Pandit Amjad Ali Khan, Bismill ah Khan and Zakir Hussain are renowned and respect globally. The business office surrounding the traditional classical music of India continues to change due to the remarkable advances made in methods of information dissemination and communication, among these the rapid growth of the Internet. Some critiques say that the commercialization of Indian music seems to have led to the monopolization of the market by a small numbers of stars. Over the last ten years, it has in large part been the same small group of musicians who have been performing concerts in major cities. The popularization of Indian music has led too to changes in performance styles and audiences appreciation. This includes, for example, shortened performances, the traditional raga time concept meaningless, and an overemphasis on technique. Serious practitioners and students of Indian music, in particular Hindustani music, have increased dramatically throughout the world. This is unambiguous from the increasing num ber of Indian musicians traveling abroad to perform and record.In some Western educational institutions, Hindustani music has already been established as a formal area of study, and inquiry is being done to determine the most efficacious methods of education in this discipline. In light of this trend, the traditional master/pupil method, Guru-Shishya-Parampara, has proved to be something of a controversial problem. Effect on Musical Instruments change magnitude globalization increasing use of internet have resulted in changing the taste of music lovers at long last influencing their musical instrument choices.Gradually, the appetite for playing western music instrument has been fulfilled with the increase in number of western music schools. India western musical instruments market has been anticipated to reach INR 542. 84 Crore by 2017. TELEVISION AND GLOBALISATION OVERVIEW Media imperialism is a sub kin of under the broader category of media imperialism. The conventional vie w was that it was the global (particularly US) media that dominated and the technologies associated with it that were imperialistic and ruled the world. But the scenario was changing on the advent of 1990s due to nationalised media arising and getting promoted. Al-Jazeera was founded in 1996 and is a Qatar based company. Bollywood is seen as an attend to Hollywood. Reuters is major news company founded in Britain. propagation of India is the worlds 3rd largest circulating paper. These are some examples to name a few of the changing global media trend. Since the advent of television in twenties it has been a source of news and entertainment. Majority of the channels were state funded and had little commercial use. After the reach of globalisation television was changed, as the viewers were seen as a mode of income from advertisements and this began a war of TV ratings among the channel providers began.They turned the political struggle for television into a battle for market shar es with an increasing international orientation. The liberalisation of television in association with the development of new communicateing technologies led to a deal of competing TV stations and to a diversity of open programmes. Private broadcasters dependence on funding by adverts caused a commercialisation of TV and shifted the focus of computer programing to ratings, which have become an all-dominant factor. The constant search for new ways of attracting viewers attention favours sensational topics and resulted in a variety of new programme formats.India was one of the most affected countries due to this trend. Ramayana and Mahabharata were the first major TV series in India. 1980s aphorism the arrival of popular shows like Hum Paanch, bharat ek khoj which made the viewers engrossed in them. ENTRY OF extraneous PLAYERS In 1991 the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India. This was the first step of globalisation of Indian TV industry as this led to the entry of major foreign players such as CNN, sense impression TV and domestic private enterprises such as ETV, ZEE.In 19992003, other international channels such as Nickelodeon, vignette Network, VH1, Disney and Toon Disney entered the market. scratch in 2003, there has been an explosion of news channels in various languages the most notable among them areNDTV,CNN IBNandAaj Tak. The most recent channels/networks in the Indian broadcasting industry include UTV Movies, UTV Bindass, Zoom, Colours, 9X and 9XM. CASE STUDY- STAR TV STAR TV is an US based company owned by Rupert Murdochs News Corp. It currently has 35 channels in 7 languages with around 400 million viewers in India courtesy http//www. tartv. com/aboutus. aspx. They currently own one of the most viewed channels of India such as Star Plus, Star Gold, Star Movies, Star world, Channel V to name a few. It is the leading TV channel in terms of no. of channels and viewers in India with hit shows such as Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, Star Voice of India and 24X7 movies. evaluation WARS Entertainment channels form the largest part of Indian TV industry with foreign and domestic players both. They broadcast daily shows which are mainly targeted to the family audience particularly ladies called Soap Operas.This is a huge source of revenue and entertainment as most of the advertisements are shown in this time slot making this a win-win situation for everybody. These not only include popular Hindi shows such as Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi or Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki but also in other languages such as Punjabi, Marathi and English such as Ugly Betty, 90210, Damini. The popularity of these serials is evident from the data shown above. Source TAM peopleter system, GEC Ratings (April 22-28) One of the major sources of entertainment is the sports channels which are dedicated to the world of sports.There are 20 sports channels till day of the month with the majority owned by the fo reign powerhouses such as ESPNSTAR (owned by FOX network), SONY SIX. Childrens interest channelsaretelevisionspecialty channelsthat present childrens interest content. This market is almost entirely owned by foreign companies such as Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon. The NEWS channels are the ones which have most of the domestic companies and have one of the fiercest rivalries among them. Other channels include dedicated to music, movies, sci-fi and general info. Majority of them are owned by foreign TNCs such as MTV, Discovery, and HBO.All of these are owned by foreign media conglomerates and are one of the most viewed channels in India. All of these are owned by foreign media conglomerates and are one of the most viewed channels in India. FOREIGN CONTENT AND STORYLINES The content of the channels are also influenced by the global trends. In most of the cases either the storyline or the format of successful foreign shows are copied. Some of the examples are as shown below * Jassi jaisi koi nahi Ugly Betty * bighearted boss Big brother * Indian matinee idol American idol * Indias got talent Americas got talent Fear factor Fear factor * Masterchef India Masterchef Australia The viewership of English sitcoms are on the rise in the young generation such as Friends, HIMYM due to the rising English speaking population which has increased the revenues of these channels such as STAR World, AXN. On the rise is the viewership of movies both Hindi and English as evident from the exorbitant prices channels are paying for the television premiers of the movies. The sports TV industry is one of the fastest growing industries due to huge fan following also known as popular culture.The increase of number of sports channel in India is rapid. Cricket and football has proved itself as a huge source of revenue generation as perceived from the data below. IPL, world cup, BPL are huge attractions for advertisers and they are willing to invest in them. And majority of them are t he TNCs who spare the big bucks. pull in 5 most viewed events in 2010-2011 in India 2011 cricket world cup final 67. 6 million viewers Budget 2011 37 million untaught area 2010 opening ceremony 30 million IPL 3 final 9. 6 million 2010 FIFA world cup final 1. 5 millionSource aMap data, Times of India Also the emergence of debating style of news presentation can be seen as an effect of globalisation. Now majority of the news channel present debates in their primetime slots so as to include various opinions. This has been a huge success. Also the technological advancement in television industry such as digitalisation has improved the services offered which has also led to increased viewership. This is a direct result of globalization as the technology and information is transferred between nations. CHALLENGES FACED BY THE INDUSTRYBut the television industry faces many challenges due to globalization. * Main disadvantage is the accumulation of power in few foreign media conglom erates which hinders the growth of domestic market. Few Indian companies have been able to establish themselves in presence of the global power. * The media sometimes become biased and influence the public opinion. For example in Saddam ibn Talal Hussein case media houses passionately supported US in their operation and thus took people on US side without telling the full story. * Also the advent of reality TV shows has increased their share which results in disproportionation.Time should be divided suitably for all types of entertainment which is not so in the present scenario. * TV has not yet been able to penetrate the rural parts of India due to lack of connectivity which is needed as it acts as a source of information. * Also in this century of internet viewers are migrating to tissue services. This has resulted formation of web portals of channels which is not back up to the TV industry. CASE STUDY ON VIEWERSHIP IN DELHI The figures below show the impact of television in th e three major metropolitans and show type wise distribution of channels in Delhi. Source www. amindia. com Bibliography n. d. http//www. indiantelevision. com. n. d. http//www. startv. com. n. d. www. tamindia. com. 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