A Causal Relationship between Problem solving and Student Success Essay

A Causal Relationship between Problem solving and Student Success - Essay Example To be able to analyze the objectives of the project or the course of study and how to utilize the information that is available and that which is already stored in the brain or ask the right questions to obtain clarify and effectiveness. This approach reviews students on an individual basis and instruct methodically rather than one standardized format, which may not be applicable to all. The idea is to access individual student capabilities, weaknesses and fashion it based on their specific needs. These assessments are based on studies made on periodical assignments, IQ tests and skill tests through the course tenure, be it primary or secondary education level. The object of this article is to ascertain if there is a logical reasoning behind this kind of pedagogy and if there is evidence of results. The article is divided under the following: What are problem-solving skills? It is broadly inferred that â€Å"problems† when viewed from the academic point of view relates only directly to mathematics when solving equations; chemistry deducing the chemical compound or the reactive behavior of some chemical compound or to put in even a bit broader in science in general. This article looks at problem solving skill sets as what it is in today’s academic context and its application over the entire academic spectrum. To a human mind anything and everything that does not have an obvious solution is a problem and in the event of such problems it is necessary to take on a theoretical and methodical approach to it. The human mind is a humongous library of knowledge and information stored at different points of time in response to things seen, heard or read. All of this information has applications in our lives and can be found useful in finding a solution or trying to understand something better or learn something new yet connected. The purpose is to train the mind to think objectively exercise it to approach learning

Criminal Investigations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Criminal Investigations - Essay Example earance before judges and a preliminary hearing, and this is to observe if there is some probable cause to believe the said crime is committed by the defendant. Other procedures involve the case being submitted to the grand jury. After arraignment, there may be the occurrence of hearings. The other procedure is the settlement or rather the plea docket. In addition, there are the pre-trial motions not yet addressed, in which case it may include the motion to suppress the evidence. A criminal trial contains several phase. The first phase is the jury selection. This is where there is gathering of a pool of potential jurors and asked several questions. Second phase is the opening testament, in which case each side presents some overview of the case. Third phase is the witness testimony. This is the phase that each side calls for a witness to be asked some questions about the case. Fourth phase is the closing testimony, in which case the prosecution and the defense make short summarizing statements. Next phase is jury instruction, and this is where the judges address the jurors by explaining the crime the defendant was judged and the application of the legal standards. The last phase is the verdict. This is the defendant is found to be guilty or not (Scheb & Scheb,

Aspects Of A Good Translation English Language Essay

Aspects Of A Good Translation English Language Essay Culture and its meaning in translations. Culture may be defined in many ways. When the study of translation is taken into account, it must be defined with an understanding of the correlation involving language, culture and religion. In view of the fact that culture is a useful device while dealing with problems of translation, numerous translation theorists make efforts to identify the expression Culture. A good illustration of this is the work Primitive Culture and Religion in Primitive Culture by Sir Edward Burnett Tylor. Tylors work is divided into two volumes. In his first work, Primitive Culture (1871) forms well-known definition concerning the basis of modern understanding of the term culture in which he states that:Cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ taken in its widest ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.  In second volume, Religion in Primitive Culture, Taylor deals largely with his analysis of animism. Animism isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦( I tried to think of something and connect it but Ill have to leave it for now, maybe later on Ill use it) Others researchers who perceive translation through culture are Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952:167) for whom culture is a product; is historical; includes ideas, patterns, and values; is selective; is learned; is based upon symbols; and is an abstraction from behaviour and objects of behavior; Lee McKay (2002:86) adds that culture is said to be embedded in the semantics of a language; while Danial Bates and Fred Plog (1990:7) consider culture to be a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artefacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Danial Bates and Fred Plog as a stepping-stone to language acquisition consider artifacts of culture such as cinema and television programming, these two types are viewed as the windows into the target culture along with target language. It is tempting to suggest that the means of communication that passes on any culture is inevitably language. In the view of Karamanian (IS3), three different aspects of human activity are expressed by the term culture and these are: the personal, the collective, and the expressive. First aspect implies that individuals think and function as such; the collective describe the social context in which people function, the expressive in which society expresses itself. We need to bear in mind that the process of translating cultural factor is a very demanding task as it covers concepts like history, religion, tradition, social life or everyday customs. It is widely acknowledged that these aspects are the main components of the translators work which leads to the flawless translation. A good translator need to have an excellent comprehension of the real nature of the original message being brought over to the target language receptors. A good understanding of a hidden message in a given text is crucial in the process of translation and depends on the background knowledge of the translator whose main aim is to convert it into target language. Conveying the original message meaning in the given source culture is the true aim of the good translator. Cultural differences between languages and the ways of dealing with them. Traditional translation theories focus on verbal comparison between the source texts and their translations. As Mary Snell-Hornby puts it: The text cannot be considered as a static specimen of language (an idea still dominant in practical translation classes), but essentially as the verbalized expression of an authors intention as understood by the translator as reader, who then recreates this whole for another readership in another culture. (Mary Snell-Hornby 1988: 1-2) Cultural Gaps. It is widely acknowledged that specific cultural references and elements can cause problems a for the translators. When two cultures differ immensely, there is high probability that numerous concepts and words which may occur in one culture and in the language may not be found in the other. This will lead to the cultural gaps between the source and the target texts, which can only be solved to a certain point. Dagut (1978: 49) says that cultural gaps are caused by community-specific referents in one community and their absence in the other culture. Cultural objects, beliefs, customs and institutions are determined by the cultural history and traditions of the specific language community. A language community creates designators to symbolise referents which do not occur in the other language community. The resulting gaps are then (a) more, (b) more language specific, and (c) more translation-resistant than the environmental type (Dagut 1981: 52). Type of the translation Another aspect of a good translation is the type of translation. In regard to the formal boundaries of poetry, there is lesser focus on form than in mangas, however that does not denote the role of the content as an more important aspect. In fact, conveying the most subtle shades of meaning such as form and content in translation is a extremely difficult task. Generally, there is a tendency while translating mangas, to sacrifice the form for the sake of the content. According to Gutt there is a problem of how far can translators progress with the interpretation of the source text and how vivid the description should be. Gutt states that translation should be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾clear and natural in expression in the sense that it should not be unnecessarily difficult to understand (Gutt 1991: 188) Newmark (1988) compiles some guiding principles how to cope with different types of translation, which apply to the principle of relevance concerning audience with particular kinds of interests. These are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾A technical translator has no right to create neologisms whilst an advertiser or propaganda writer can use any linguistic resources he requires. Conventional metaphors and sayings should always be conventionally translated but unusual metaphors and comparisons should be reduced to their sense if the text has a mainly informative function The appropriate equivalents for keywords should be scrupulously repeated throughout a text in a philosophical text In a non-literary text, there is a case for transcribing as well as translating any key-word of linguistic significance (Newmark 1988: 15) Chapter 2 Principles of translation. 2.1. Linguistic versus Cultural aspects in translation. According to Savory different guidelines sometimes may deny each other in terms of rules and exceptions. This leaded Savory to create his own pair-wise contradictory principles of translation: A translation must give the words of the original. A translation must give the ideas of the original. A translation should read like an original work. A translation should read like a translation. A translation should reflect the style of the original. A translation should possess the style of the translator. A translation should read as contemporary of te original. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator. A translation may add to or omit from the original. A translation may never add to or omit from the original. A translation of verse should be in prose. A translation of verse should be in verse. (Savory 1968: 54) Savoy claims that these paradoxes can be resolved through à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾reader-analysis, Different things are considered to be relevant for different readers. On the other hand Victor Khairullin (1992: 155) implies that linguistic aspects are not the only one that are involved in the process of translation but also is culture. Victor Khairullin (1992: 155) states that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾The process of translation is a creative kind of activity, based on both linguistic and culturological rules. Every language is unique. The language pattern of the world is accounted for by culturological peculiarities, i.e. peculiarities of ethnic, [and] social, norms and economic achievements of a nation in a certain stage of development. Culturology in a language pattern is essential, so some specialists tend to believe that in effect one does not translate language, one translates cultures. (Khairullin 1992: 155) Stylistic preferences. The next aspect on the list is the time in which given work has been created. This statement leads to the assumption that the constant changes that languages undergo call for continuous modifications in stylistic preferences. No two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arrangedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Nida 1964: 156). Hence, a translation from one epoch can be rather objectionable at a present time. The matter of how accurate a translation should be to the original was and always will be arguable. Ernst-August Gutt (1991) tries to give an answer to that problem by using the concept of optimal resemblance in interpretive translation. In his theory of relevance, he maintains his opinion that translation ought to express the significance of the source language in a manner that is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾clear and natural in expression to the target culture, but avoids à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾unnecessary processing effort (Gutt 1991: 188). Therefore, the interpretation of the original text should give resemblance to guarantee sufficiently appropriate context to the audience. The way it is presented should not involve any further processing effort from the recipients. When we think of translation in terms of making it as accurate to the source text as possible, we have to ask ourselves is it possible to preserve all the features of the original if not what qualities are consequential. Levy (1969:103) states that if this kind of situation occurs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾the translator has to decide which qualities of the original are the most important and which ones one could miss out.. As far as poetry is concerned, preservation of both the form and the content may be very difficult task, depending on the extent of similarities of translated languages. This situation may take place if the target language has ways of expressing the same denotations of words and of rhyming, but may not have words or expressions that carry out both conditions. Therefore, the decision is to be made by the translator, which properties to preserve. These major aspects of a culture are crucial for translators. The good translation depends not only on the knowledge about the target culture but also on the translators understanding of religious background of translated item. Translators should identify the translation throughout culture. They ought to realize that each language contains elements which are originated in its culture. Moreover, every text is anchored in a specific culture, and that it has its own proprieties of production and reception which may vary from culture to culture. Finding appropriate equivalence of a text while translating manga may depend on deep understanding/ knowledge of target culture. Translator who attempts to translate an original text from Japanese into English may not be able to satisfy the target audience. It is tempting to suggest that finding proper word is the key to achieve good translation. However if the translation from Japanese into English is taken into account it must be mentioned that some problems may occur due to cultural ambiguities. Aimai. Aimai Ambiguities in Japanese Culture are of the greatest importance, because they may lead to mistranslation. Further reflections shows that Japanese are generally ambiguous, shockingly vague in their works such as mangas. The word aimai can be translated as: ambiguous, murky, vague, double-edged or foggy. The other meanings are: questionable, doubtful, shady or non-committal. It may look like Japanese may have some problems with expressing their feelings even in comics as it can be seen in many mangas, but on the other hand it can convey more than one idea which will only make it more attractive to the reader. When two similar terms such as ambiguity and vagueness appear we should distinct them according to their usage. Ambiguity is different from vagueness, which arises when the boundaries of meaning are indistinct. Ambiguity is context-dependent: the same linguistic item (be it a word, phrase, or sentence) may be ambiguous in one context and unambiguous in another context. For a word, ambiguity typically refers to an unclear choice between different definitions as may be found in a dictionary. The use of ambiguities happen that one would offer totally different idea. 1.5. Religion and its influence in mangas. Religion is the second aspect leading to mistranslations. The main dilemma in this field is the fact that translators often do not have any certainty of source text producer knowledge or intentions. Therefore, anything to do with biblical translations involve interpretation processes based on receivers assumptions, rather than simple translation. What is more, dealing with religion aspects often involves rendering through old anonymous documents. Moreover, it is important to consider the functions of both the source text and target text or reason for their creation. A useful tool at this point is Reiss and Vermeer Skopos Theory from 1984. Its main focus is aimed at the translation purpose which determines the translation methods and strategies. Because of the cultural aspect of religion, one cannot ignore target culture customs or knowledge connected with translation topics that incorporate religious elements especially due to its delicate character which means that any translation may easily offend the audience by means of incompetence or ignorance. The main advantage of this theory is the possibility of translating one text in different ways, depending on the need (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984). All in all, encountering any religious elements in the aspect of translation involves a deep insight in th culture environment of the subject so as to eliminate the possibility of misunderstanding. Furthermore, it is necessary to state the purpose of translation in order to fulfill requirements of source translation receivers. To conclude what is essential for the translator is not learning the literal meaning of the words, how to put them together but their meaning in the cultural context. Understanding of the cultural and religious norms is needed, that is why native translators are better than foreigner ones. If we take into consideration capabilities and the knowledge of cultural context while translating from Japanese to English Japanese translators are more suitable. A foreign person may learn almost every aspect of a given language but still it will not be the same as in the case of being born as a native. This statement can be easily illustrated by the quotation of Janet Holmes. As Holmes points out in her book titled: An introduction to sociolinguistics: Learning another language usually involves a great deal more than learning the literal meaning of the words, how to put them together, how to pronounce them. We need to know what they mean in the cultural context in which they are normally used. And that involves some understanding of the cultural and social norms of their users (Holmes 2001: 275).

THE ART OF DELEGATION Essay -- essays research papers

There is a limit to the amount of work that you can do on your own. There is only so much value that you can deliver to your company or organization without the help of other people. If you are successful in your career, at some stage the demands on you will become greater than you are able to cope with on your own. When this happens, you are forced to rely on the help of others, you are forced to delegate. Delegation is a process by which a manager examines the various responsibilities and tasks at hand, and rather than assuming and completing those tasks and responsibilities on his or her own, that manager decides to assign the work to other employees. Effective managers must be willing to entrust a task, power or responsibility to another person. Theodore Roosevelt was quoted as having said, "The best executive is the one who has sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint enough to keep from meddling with them while they do it." Delegation is a skill that incorporates analysis, planning, awareness and self-confidence. It requires a manager that is able to incorporate the four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Planning involves formulating a systematic process for delegating tasks to other employees. Organizing involves arranging the resources your employees may need in order to accomplish the delegated task. Leading involves the guiding, leading, and overseeing of employees in order to achieve the task. Controlling involves verifying that the employee’s performance matches the action plan. Delegation involves passing responsibility for completion of work to other people. The ideal position to reach as a manager is one where your staff carries out all the routine activities of your organization. This leaves time for planning, thinking, and improving the efficiency of what you are doing as a manager. Ultimately, delegation involves getting the help you need, when you need it by the staff member most qualified to assist with the task at hand. In the Arkansas Governor’s office, where I currently work, delegation is a colossal part of each work day. The Governor cannot possibly address all the problems and issues relating to the state of Arkansas personally; therefore, he has a chief of staff who is responsible for the proper delegation of tasks to other staff members. The chief ... ...gradually. Each task delegated should have enough complexity to stretch that member of staff - but only a little. When you delegate a job, it does not have to be done as well as you could do it (given time), but only as well as necessary: never judge the outcome by what you expect you would do (it is difficult to be objective about that), but rather by fitness for purpose. You want to delegate as much as possible to develop your staff to be as good as you are now. Tasks in which you have experience are the easiest for you to explain to others and so to train them to take over. You thus use your experience to ensure that the task is done well, rather than to actually perform the task yourself. In this way you gain time for your other duties and someone else becomes as good as your once were (increasing the strength of the group). By delegating, a manager exhibits trust in his or her employees by giving other people's ideas a chance. A subordinate's decision doesn't have to be exac tly what yours might have been. So welcome and reward ingenuity. Reference Roosevelt, Theodore. Leadership Quotes. Retrieved October 6, 2004 from http://www.pittencrieff-glen.com/leadership_quotes.htm

Not just children Essay

The essay is effective in that it provides some convincing examples of potential internet dangers that can be experienced, with emphasis on how these â€Å"bad guys† can get away with their deeds with no law to control their actions. I must agree that â€Å"people who use the internet should not be exempt from many of the rules and regulations that govern their conduct elsewhere. † Its arguments about general online business holds much merit. I do agree that there should be laws against copyright violation, fraud, child pornography, trust violation, and child-stalking. However, the essay’s great failing is that it does not address the issue of freedom of expression as much as I think it needed to in the context of the topic, especially concerning pornography. Internet pornography is certainly a complicated topic, considering that many children have internet access. The essay contends that pornography must be controlled, particularly because of these children. Although the welfare of children should indeed be of concern to us, I subscribe to the idea that â€Å"if you don’t want to see, don’t look. † Encountering pornographic sites (or going anywhere on the internet for that matter) generally requires an active decision by a person. I take the view that sites on the internet are public only in the sense that they are accessible when a person chooses to access them; but that these sites are not publicly displayed in the sense that a billboard on the street is. Since seeing content generally involves the decision of a person to visit, making whatever information accessible to whomever chooses to access it seems to be reasonable. There have been times when a search using a seemingly innocuous phrase turns up results with nudity or pornographic content, especially when I’m using a search engine with filters turned off. It seems to me that encountering sites with offensive or objectionable content is unavoidable, even if one does not want to come across them. I feel that children’s access to pornographic sites should be restricted. I recognize that total censorship would be very difficult to impose, but still, measures should be enacted to deter or hinder young children from accessing such sites. One solution that has been proposed to solve this problem advocates a change in the domain naming system that will easily identify sites that are â€Å"for adults only† (i. e. , pornographic sites). For example, if sites with adult content ends in â€Å". xxx† rather than the usual domain identifiers, users will know that the site contains adult content, and therefore, can steer clear from it. Using this system, it will also be easier to filter out those kinds of websites. However, if there is any censorship, it will affect everyone, not just children. I still subscribe to the notion that it should be the parent’s/elder’s responsibility to protect children from the darker side of the internet. History has shown that anything that is suppressed by the government does not really disappear, but goes underground. Censorship in any form is a blow to the whole notion of the freedom of expression of the public. With this freedom comes responsibility, and it might actually be better to allow the public to take care of themselves (on the internet) in this regard.

No Child Left Behind vs. Inequalities Essay

The American educational system suffers from a wide disparity between the poor and rich schools in the country. Race relations is a prominent cause of the problem wherein the white-dominated school districts get the most funding and government support while non-white children live in poverty, academic underachievement, indifferent government officials and hopelessness. The No Child Left Behind Act seeks to lessen this disparity by equalizing governmental funding, ensuring a competent teaching workforce and instilling a system of accountability. However, like many other laws, No Child Left Behind has its shortcomings and needs re-examination and/or fine tuning to ensure its effectiveness. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Issues in Jonathan Kozol’s Book Through the book Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools, Kozol (1991) made several noteworthy points such as (1) many schools in poverty-stricken areas have non-white children comprising the majority of their student populations, (2) poor, run-down schools in non-white neighborhoods view themselves as serving those children who have little value to the country, (3) students, school administrators, public officials and community residents have a shared feeling of hopelessness for their plight and nobody is willing to be accountable for the problem, and (4) increased funding for the poorest schools in America can make a difference if this is accompanied by a change in the society’s attitude (pp. 82, 114, 243). Former US President George W. Bush signed â€Å"The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001† into law on January 8, 2002 as part of his educational reform agenda (â€Å"No Child†, 2007). The Act sought for immense transformation in America’s K-12 education by underscoring four principles: (1) greater accountability for results, (2) increased flexibility and local control, (3) expanded options for parents, and (4) an emphasis on proven and effective teaching methods (â€Å"New Jersey†, 2006). The four principles are aligned with the areas of racial inequalities among schools as identified by Kozol (Check, 1992, p. 1) which include funding, governmental assistance, political support, buildings upkeep, quality of educators, availability of and funding for school supplies, extra-curricular facilities, overcrowding and accountability system (Warner, 2002, n. d. ). Extent of Effectiveness of the Act Some of No Child Left Behind’s remedies are more pronounced in student academic performance. Thompson and Barnes (2007) cite that albeit slow progress, NCLB yields favorable results in strengthening student academic achievement. For example, scores in mathematics among 4th and 8th graders from 2003 to 2005 increased nationwide with scores for Hispanic and African American students showing significant improvement in the same period. Further, 4th graders’ national average scores in reading improved while achievement gap between African American and Hispanic 4th graders narrowed slightly from 2003 to 2005 (p. 16). More than two-thirds of the states also reported that test scores disparity in terms of race, income, or language background has lessened or stayed the same (Rentner et. al. , 2006 as cited in Thompson and Barnes, 2007, p. 16). On the contrary, the mostly debated shortcomings of the law fall in three areas. First, its stringent assessment and reporting requirements forced educators to allocate instructional time in preparation for assessment thereby suppressing creative learning in the classroom. Secondly, the Department of Education has failed to immediately ensure and monitor that the states comply with the NCLB’s teacher quality provisions; this being done only two years after the effectivity of the law. Lastly, fund disbursements in some states primarily devoted to professional development were done without full consideration of effectiveness or content quality of the trainings (Thompson and Barnes, 2007, pp. 19-20). Conclusion In summary, the NCLB has laid the foundations for educational reform and academic equality but continuous evaluation is essential to make the law work for all. References Check, J. (1992). Book Review: Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Shools, by Jonathan Kozol. The Quarterly, 14 (3). Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www. nwp. org/cs/public/print/resource/1139 Kozol, J. (1991). Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools. New York: Harper Collins New Jersey No Child Left Behind. (2006). Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www. nj. gov/education/grants/nclb/

Emily Holmes Essays - Body Shape, Human Appearance, Human Body, Self

Emily Holmes Essays - Body Shape, Human Appearance, Human Body, Self Emily Holmes Mrs. Hankins English 102 1 October 2015 Body Image In the eyes of society, women like Pamela Anderson, Tyra Banks and Victoria Secret Model Candice Swanepoel are the essence of perfection. What girl would not want their perfect hair, curvy body, big boobs, or tall body? As of today, 2 out of a 100 Americans attempt to starve themself each day. Ninety percent of those Americas are female. (Newport) The media presents society with an unrealistic body types promoting people, especially women, to look like them. Through TV shows, commercials, magazines or any form of advertising, the media enforces a certain body type which women mimic. The so-called perfect body type causes many negative effects on women in the US. Women who focus on unrealistic body images tend to have lower self-esteem and are more likely to be a victim of eating disorders. The media in America has a dangerous influence on women's health. The media is a primary factor in the development and maintenance of women's body image problems. Women start to feel insecure about their bodies by looking at media images daily. This provokes women to diet more because they feel more pressured to be slim. "But advertisers are not particularly wicked, people who set out to trick and mislead us. They simply provide images that we find seductive. Advertisers are the voice of society projected on a billboard or a TV screen" (Miniskirt Revolution). The magazine racks in any local store are saturated with magazines highlighting beautiful women adorning the covers. Commercials on TV feature tall, thin women promoting a certain product. The media presents an unrealistic body type for girls to look up to. They do not reflect on images from everyday life. When walking around in any place, very few people look like the women in commercials, most of them thin, but not overly s o. Flawless images appear so often in daily life, it's hard to remember that they are not real. Often many girls don't realize this. They hold themselves u! p to these images and feel the only way they can live life to it's fullest is to look like these icons. Even if someone is as at their perfect weight, it's easy to feel like a failure when comparing to a movie star or to Seventeen's cover girl. The line between fantasy and reality is skewed by mass media. The media places much stress on obtaining the "ideal" body image. Society pays a significant amount of attention to body image, physical attractiveness, youthfulness, sexuality and appearance, "the minimum requirement for the sort of model who appears on advertising hoarding is a height of 5 ft. 9in. a size 8 to 10" (Miniskirt Revolution). No matter how hard someone tries they will never achieve the look and figure of these supermodels. The problem of girls and women comparing themselves to "ideal women" has gotten more difficult in recent years, "A look at the measurement of Playboy centerfolds and Miss America finalists over the past 20 years shows that, although these women symbolize beauty, have been weighing less and less. In other words, society's ideal women keeps getting thinner and thinner and much more difficult for people to imitate" (Miniskirt Revolution). There is a healthy way for the female body to look, "but what we see on television is a special kind of thin. Most of us could starve our selves down to slivers and still not look anything like those sleek bodies that flit across our screen day and night" (Miniskirt Revolution). Leading characters in the current crop of TV shows are all thin. The TV shows with the highest ratings, such as Friends and Ally McBeal, have tall thin lead actresses. In Friends, there are three young, tall and thin leads. They are outfitted in tight shirts and mini-skirts. They all live good lives and have fun. In Ally McBeal, a young, tall and extremely thin actress portrays a successful lawyer. The message that this is sending across is that the key to success in today's society is to be young, tall and thin. Characters that are heavier are usually elderly, matronly, in low-status occupations, or on the wrong side of the law. In the

Herbicides Used to Control or Kill Woody Stemmed Plants

Herbicides Used to Control or Kill Woody Stemmed Plants The United States Department of Agriculture takes herbicide application practices very seriously. You have to have a state pesticide handlers license to apply many of these chemicals or even to purchase them. I have developed this list of chemicals as a general overview of herbicides used to control of woody stemmed pests. Ways to apply an herbicide are numerous. They can  be applied to foliage or soil, they can be injected into the bark or sprayed on stumps. It all depends on the specific chemical formulation you are using.  Here are some application methods for these chemicals which should be used according to labeling instructions. Woody-stemmed Herbicides and How They are Applied These chemicals are listed by generic name, brand name and application method. Some of these herbicides may now be out of favor or have been added to a restricted list so use this list only as a starting guide. All links are to Cornell Universitys Pesticide Management Education Program. This is not an all-inclusive listing and is intended to give an overall view of available woody stem control chemicals and how they are applied: Amitrole (Amitrol-T) - foliar spray Bromacil (Hyvar) - broadcast treatment 2,4-D (several trade names) - foliar spray Dichlorprop (2,4-DP, Weedone 2,4-DP) - foliar spray Dicamba (Banvel) - cut surface Fosamine (Krenite) - foliage treatment Glyphosate (Roundup) - foliar spray Hexazinone (Velpar) - soil uptake Imazapyr (Arsenal) - foliar, frill, stump treatment Metsulfuron (Escort) - foliar spray Picloram (Tordon) - broadcast, foliar, frill treatment Tebuthiuron (Spike) - broadcast treatment Triclopyr (Garlon) - spray This listing is intended to be used as a general guide only. Before using any herbicide consult the label before using. Remember that labels change frequently and often contain special restrictions reguarding specific use of the chemical. How to Kill a Tree Using HerbicidesHow to Kill a Tree Without ChemicalsList of Approved Tree Control Chemicals

Globalizations Eclipse of the Nation-State

Globalization's Eclipse of the Nation-State Globalization can be defined by five main criteria: internationalization, liberalization, universalization, Westernization, and deterritorialization. Internationalization is where nation states are now considered less important as their power is diminishing. Liberalization is the concept where numerous trade barriers have been removed, creating freedom of movement. Globalization has created a world where everyone wants to be the same, which is known as universalization. Westernization has led to the creation of a global world model from a Western perspective while deterritorialization has led to territories and boundaries being lost. Perspectives on Globalization There are six main perspectives that have arisen over the concept of globalization; these are hyper-globalists who believe globalization is everywhere and skeptics who believe globalization is an exaggeration which is no different from the past. Also, some believe that globalization is a process of gradual change and cosmopolitan writers think the world is becoming global as people are becoming global. There are also people who believe in globalization as imperialism, meaning it is an enrichment process deriving from the Western world and there is a new perspective called de-globalization where some people conclude globalization is beginning to break up. It is believed by many that globalization led to inequalities around the world and has reduced the power of nation states to manage their own economies. Mackinnon and Cumbers state Globalization is one of the key forces reshaping the geography of economic activity, driven by multinational corporations, financial institutions, and international economic organizations. Globalization is seen to cause inequalities due to the polarisation of income, as many laborers are being exploited and working under the minimum wage whilst others are working in high paying jobs. This failure of globalization to stop world poverty is becoming increasingly important. Many argue that transnational corporations have made international poverty worse. There are those who argue that globalisation creates winners and losers, as some countries prosper, mainly European countries and America, whilst other countries fail to do well. For example, the USA and Europe fund their own agricultural industries heavily so less economically developed countries get priced outof certain markets; even though they should theoretically have an economic advantage as their wages are lower. Some believe globalization has no significant consequences for less-developed countries income. Neo-liberalists believe that since the end of Bretton Woods in 1971, globalization has generated more mutual benefits than conflicting interests. However, globalization has also caused many so-called prosperous countries to have huge inequality gaps, for example, the United States and the United Kingdom, because being globally successful comes at a price. Nation States Role Diminishing Globalization led to a significant rise of multinational corporations which many believe undermined the ability of states to manage their own economies. Multinational corporations integrate national economies into global networks; therefore nation states no longer have total control over their economies. Multinational corporations have expanded drastically, the top 500 corporations now control almost one-third of global GNP and 76% of world trade. These multinational corporations, such as Standard Poors, are admired but also feared by nation states for their immense power. Multinational corporations, such as Coca-Cola, wield great global power and authority as they effectively place a claim on the host nation state. Since 1960 new technologies have developed at a rapid rate, compared to the previous fundamental shifts which lasted for two hundred years. These current shifts mean that states can no longer successfully manage the changes caused by globalization. Trade blocs, such as NAFTA, reduce nation states management over their economy. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have a huge impact on a nations economy, therefore weakening its security and independence. Overall, globalization has diminished the nation states ability to manage its economy. Globalization within the neoliberal agenda has provided nation states with a new, minimalist role. It appears that nation states have little choice but to give away their independence to the demands of globalisation, as a cutthroat, competitive environment has now been formed. Whilst many argue that the nation states role in managing its economy is diminishing, some reject this and believe the state still remains the most dominant force in shaping its economy. Nation states implement policies to expose their economies more or less so to the international financial markets, meaning they can control their responses to globalization Therefore, it can be said that strong, efficient nation states help shape globalization. Some believe nation states are pivotal institutions and argue that globalization has not led to a reduction in nation state power but has altered the situation under which the nation state power is executed. Conclusion Overall, the nation states power can be said to be diminishing in order to manage its economy due to the effects of globalisation. However, some could question if the nation state has ever been fully economically independent. The answer to this is hard to determine however this would not appear to be the case, therefore, it could be said that globalization has not lessened the power of nation states but changed the conditions under which their power is executed. The process of globalization, in the form of both the internationalization of capital and the growth of global and regionalized forms of spatial governance, challenge the ability of the nation-state effectively to practise its claim to a sovereign monopoly. This increased the powers of multinational corporations, which challenge the nation states power. Ultimately, most believe nation states power has diminished but it is wrong to state that it no longer has an influence over the impacts of globalisation. Sources Dean, Gary. Globalisation and the Nation-State.Held, David and Anthony McGrew. Globalization. polity.co.uk.Mackinnon, Danny and  Andrew Cumbers. An introduction to Economic Geography. Prentice Hall, London: 2007.

Is the Concept of Race Biologically Valid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is the Concept of Race Biologically Valid - Essay Example Thesis Statement There is less scientific backing and more political leanings in the claim that race is no longer a biologically valid concept. Argument It must be accepted that in the article â€Å"Is ‘Race’ and outdated† concept C. Loring Brace does sound very convincing in his arguments that the concept of race is biologically outdated. The main props for this argument lie in color variations arising from the sun light and climates in regions, where harsher the sunlight the darker the skin in response to the human body’s response to higher doses of ultraviolet rays; sickle cell anaemia developing as a protection response against Malaria in Italy in Europe and the Middle East before being passed on to the Africans once interaction between the continents occurred and the closer blood patterns between the white Europeans and the black Africans than the yellow easy Asians; and blood factor analysis demonstrating traits transcending racial divides. (1). All t hese arguments get summed up into arguments that are based on the cline, which is a gradient of change. (2). These are merely observations that have no scientific basis. Were we to validate all our concepts merely on the basis of observations, without giving credence to other possibilities, we would merely be enacting the story of the blind men and the elephant.

Culture and globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture and globalisation - Essay Example Benjamin Barber is one of the proponents of the idea that the notion of globalization is destructive for it threatens morals and religious values of people, the distinctiveness of cultures and can turn the world into one big market. There are four main points in Barbers argumentation. First of all, he presents the notion of â€Å"theme parking† which is â€Å"a kind of diversity but it is the diversity of a theme park† (â€Å"Globalization and Culture† 9). By this, he means that even though there is a diversity, it is simulated, artificial, and, in fact, is far from authenticity. Secondly, Barber argues that globalization is homogenization and standardization of culture that affects peoples cultural and aesthetic values, such as eating fast food instead of spending time with family at a dinner table. Also, the opponent of globalization states that more powerful markets, such as the American one, tend to master and destroy the weaker markets and, consequently, inf luence other cultures. Finally, Barber says that globalization is a threat not only to aesthetic but to religious and moral values of people, especially of the representatives of cultures that differ a lot from â€Å"McWorld†, such as Islamic, Hindu, and Judaic cultures, and that to some extent this threat gives rise to terrorism. Tyler Cowan, in his turn, believes that globalization is the positive trend in the development of the modern society and the entire world. He agues that â€Å"markets support diversity and freedom of choice, and trade gives a greater opportunity for artists to express their creative inspiration (â€Å"Glibalization and Culture† 8). In addition to this, Cowan claims that globalization does tend to increase difference between cultures, and at the same time it frees difference from geographical location. Tyler Cowan also refutes four arguments presented by Benjamin

Bussines writing (11) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bussines writing (11) - Essay Example In today’s business world pie chart is one of the most common methods used for data representation. In a pie chart data is represented in a circular form wherein it is divided into different sectors with areas equal to the corresponding component. The percentage breakdown of the corresponding components is represented by the sectors also knows as slices. Pie charts are used in numerous ways during management meetings such as for representing resource and time allocations, budget categories, market share, expense analysis, income sources, etc (Quinn ). The purpose of a pie chart is to clearly communicate the figures than it could be by a set of numbers. A pie chart gives more clarity than a set of numbers as the figures are represented as pieces of a pie. Greater the figure, greater is the size of the piece. Apart from being clear and increasing clarity, pie charts are also very simple and visually appealing making it easy to understand. It is also very easy to resize and makes changes to a pie

Improving Disneyworld Paris Financial Position and Competitiveness Assignment

Improving Disneyworld Paris Financial Position and Competitiveness - Assignment Example Euro Disney’s economic profits in the years immediately after it was launched fell far below expectations. Even though the Disney executives carefully carried out an extensive analysis of the market conditions in Europe and France, in specific, there were significant failures that happened. The problems were caused by an assortment of issues such as the wrong evaluation of market conditions and expectations about France’s future economic development, the happenings in the property market, highly priced tickets, and cultural misunderstandings. In spite of its popularity in Europe, the Disney Park in Paris has not registered as many guests as identical theme parks in America and Asia. What is evident is that there was not enough research conducted on the demographic and cultural characteristics of France, as well as the rest of the European mainland, before the launching of the theme park in 1992. There are very distinct differences between European and American culture. According to Dennis (2014), investors from the parent company, Walt Disney in America, did not take into account the fact that European customers did not have similar entertainment objectives with their American counterparts.It was presumed that customers would come to Disneyworld Paris from all over Europe. However, there was no research into factors such as the diversity of European cultures, the definitions that each of these cultures attributes to the concept of entertainment, and the aspect of cultural imperialism.

Marketing for small business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing for small business - Essay Example preneurial marketing operations, and has compared them to the marketing theories given by marketing books, with the aid of focus groups and interviews with entrepreneurs. The author begins his argument by establishing differences between the operations of a normal company and those of an entrepreneur’s business. While his analysis of the traditional marketing approaches is correct in pointing out that they are planned, formal, and largely backed by thorough research, his views about entrepreneurial characteristics being unplanned seem questionable. It is true that entrepreneurial activities can be classified as being ‘informal’, and intuitive, but this does not imply that entrepreneurs do not make use of careful planning to run their businesses. In fact, planned processes play as important a role in the operations of entrepreneurial businesses as in those of corporate giants. According to Delmar and Shane (2003), entrepreneurs are better off using careful planning than learning through trial and error because it enables efficient utilization of already scarce resources. Hence, this distinction made by Strokes in his article appear s questionable to some extent. However, the other arguments presented in the article to establish the significance of entrepreneurial marketing are stronger than the one analyzed above. The author has correctly identified the marketing-related problems of entrepreneurial businesses, including less focus on marketing operations, limited customer base, scarce resources, as well as lack of specialized skills since there is too much reliance on the owner’s competencies. By conducting focus groups of the owner-managers of different entrepreneurial businesses, he has maintained that entrepreneurs see marketing as merely a tactic to attract customers through promotion, and are not aware of its strategic meanings like fulfilment of customer needs and product development. In addition, the observation that entrepreneurial operations are

Project Management - Organization and Communication (U5DB) Essay

Project Management - Organization and Communication (U5DB) - Essay Example The fifth tip is to practice the art of paraphrasing. The sixth tip is to carefully watch for and observe the demonstration of feelings from the other party. Finally, do not be afraid to ask questions for clarification (Lewis and Graham, 2003). In order to conduct a more productive and effective meeting, those in charge absolutely must stay focused on the subject at hand. EffectiveMeetings.com offers six objective tips for conducting more effective meetings. They include not meeting if the information can be exchanged through a memo or similar method, having a predetermined list of objectives for each meeting, having a predetermined agenda for each meeting, having action plans for items discussed in the meeting, and reviewing the process of each meeting at the end in order to determine how effective it was (EffectiveMeetings.com, 2008). Project reports are a useful tool that can be used for various different reasons. There are many different sets of guidelines that are available for one to follow when writing a report for any type of project, but most of them carry the same basic advice. First of all, data should be processed and placed directly into the report. Second, the audience should be determined and the report should be worded in such a manner that it addresses that audience. Third, examples and templates can be extremely helpful in deciding upon report formatting. Fourth, reports should follow a detailed layout plan. Fifth, explanations should be clear and logical. Sixth, points should be easy to understand and well-supported. Seventh, the readers’ attention should be kept throughout. It is also important that back-up reports be kept in a safe place and that a draft is provided to the project supervisor for review (University College London, 2008). Lewis, T.D. and G. Graham. (2003). 7 tips for effective listening: Productive listening does not occur naturally. It requires hard work and practice. Internal Auditor. Retrieved April 24,

Marketing for small business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing for small business - Essay Example preneurial marketing operations, and has compared them to the marketing theories given by marketing books, with the aid of focus groups and interviews with entrepreneurs. The author begins his argument by establishing differences between the operations of a normal company and those of an entrepreneur’s business. While his analysis of the traditional marketing approaches is correct in pointing out that they are planned, formal, and largely backed by thorough research, his views about entrepreneurial characteristics being unplanned seem questionable. It is true that entrepreneurial activities can be classified as being ‘informal’, and intuitive, but this does not imply that entrepreneurs do not make use of careful planning to run their businesses. In fact, planned processes play as important a role in the operations of entrepreneurial businesses as in those of corporate giants. According to Delmar and Shane (2003), entrepreneurs are better off using careful planning than learning through trial and error because it enables efficient utilization of already scarce resources. Hence, this distinction made by Strokes in his article appear s questionable to some extent. However, the other arguments presented in the article to establish the significance of entrepreneurial marketing are stronger than the one analyzed above. The author has correctly identified the marketing-related problems of entrepreneurial businesses, including less focus on marketing operations, limited customer base, scarce resources, as well as lack of specialized skills since there is too much reliance on the owner’s competencies. By conducting focus groups of the owner-managers of different entrepreneurial businesses, he has maintained that entrepreneurs see marketing as merely a tactic to attract customers through promotion, and are not aware of its strategic meanings like fulfilment of customer needs and product development. In addition, the observation that entrepreneurial operations are

Politics and Administration Essay Example for Free

Politics and Administration Essay Introduction 186, 207, 221? Power Struggle between the pro-democratic and pro-conservatism One of the reasons that led to such a tragic end for Tiananmen Movement is the power struggle between the two camps of leaders, pro-democratic (Former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Zhao Ziyang) and pro-conservatism (Deng Xiao Ping). In 2009, a memoir was published based on audiotapes recorded by Zhao Ziyang, called Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang, he mentioned that he â€Å"didn’t want to be a General Secretary who opens fire on the people. † From this, we could clearly tell by that time, Zhao differed in opinion from Deng and other conservative leaders, like Li Peng on how to handle the student movement, i.e. whether to pursue a peaceful or a military solution. http://blog.foolsmountain.com/2009/06/03/tiananmen-1989-a-need-for-dialogue-20-years-later/ One very crucial turning point that we know is that by that time, the CCP General Secretary made a scheduled official visit to North Korea, which turned out to be a bad decision at the time of turmoil; this was because on April 26th CCP Central issued an editorial on Peoples Daily in the absence of Zhao Ziyang, which was titled Uphold the flag to unambiguously oppose any turmoil, denouncing that the patriotic student movement as a turmoil ignited by an extremely small handful of opportunists. http://www.alliance.org.hk/64/6420/?page_id=521 According to Wu Jiaxiang, a former aide and a leading political scientist in Beijing, Zhao Ziyang, before leaving for North Korea on April 21st, had instructed that no politburo meeting should be held in his absence but other CCP leaders, likle Yang Shankun Li Peng immediately convened a CCP Expanded Poliburo Meeting, then reported to Deng Xiaoping with meeting opinions, and then borrowed Deng Xiaopings mouth in stating that CCP should not fear bloodshed. And in Zhao Zhiyangs self account, recorded by Yang Jisheng, he claimed that it was li Ximing Chen Xitong who contacted Wan Li on the night of April 21st in request of convening a commissar meeting; that Wan Li relayed the info to Li Peng. Later, according to ________, Li Peng convened the meeting on the night of 24th, reported it to Deng Xiaoping on 25th, and was authorized to relay Dengs opinions to communist cadres; and that Li Peng took advantage of the occasion to draft a newspaper commentary for publication on April 26th. By the time Zhao returned to China after the scheduled visit, he found it was just too late to remedy the situation as hostilities between the government and the people have been greatly aggravated. Other than the mis-communication over the Peoples Dailys editorial, we may gain further insights into the power struggle between the party leaders by taking a look at a previous document obtained by CNN and written by Bao Tong, a close aide to Zhao Ziyang, describing in detail the events leading up to the crackdown on student protests in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989. September 25, 1989 Comrade Hu Yaobang died on April 15, soon after which the student demonstrations began. I was extremely worried. Comrade Xiaoping pointed out in his speech on April 25 that the overwhelming priority in China is stability I completely agreed with his point; I also wanted to maintain stability and prevent turmoil. Specifically, I wanted to make an effort to reduce tensions and to avoid precipitating the tension into clashes. The Peoples Daily April 26th editorial, in my view, was harsh in language and lacked analysis and persuasiveness; I had my reservations about it. On May 19 and 20, the Central Committee announced the decision to send the military into Beijing and declare martial law; in my heart, I believed we made a terribly wrong move; I was afraid that we would be trapped in a very difficult situation, riding a tiger, hard to get-off. The Central Standing Committee collectively criticized Comrade Zhao Ziyang; I felt it was unfair. 1.1 It was I who first informed Comrade Ziyang that the April 26th editorial had aggravated the confrontational mood of students and people who had previously taken a neutral position. Comrade Ziyang returned to Beijing from North Korea on April 30th. As soon as he returned, I reported to him as follows: Students have been demonstrating in the streets since April 27th. There were so many of them that it was impossible to blockade; there were also lots of onlookers following them. Some government officials sympathized with the demonstrations. There were signs that the incident was escalating and expanding; there were a great number of students and others who resented the April 26th editorial and believed that it was hostile towards them. I spoke about my opinion of the editorial: the positive side of the editorial was that it presented Comrade Xiaopings thoughts that China must maintain stability and must not fall into turmoil. However, the editorial was written in a very harsh tone, did not adequately present reasons and lacked analysis. It also did not take into consideration the acceptance of people who were previously neutral. Since there were so many people who believed that the editorial was hostile to them, it was obvious that the editorial did not express its ideas clearly. Comrade Ziyang did not express his own opinions at that time. After a few days, he said to me: It seems that there are flaws in the editorial. Comrade Ziyang certainly formulated his opinions in his own way, but it was I who first reported to him about the editorial with this point of view. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/22/tiananmen.document.01/ Students Uncollective Actions As discussed above, power struggle among the party leaders is one of the factors in leading to the unwanted tragedy of the June 4th Movement, but as I argue down below, the chaotic and unsystematic internal management of various student movements are by nature underlying factors to the tragedy. After the April 27 demonstration, the government commenced to open up dialogues with students, and the government seemed to take the initiative to adopt a more positive approach towards the student movement. The governments willingness to concede and negotiate have lit up the hope for the majority of students that the entire student movement might come to a peaceful end(Source: Book) Yet, almost by the same time, the leadership and organization of the movement among the student leaders became problematic. Not only did the student movement organizations hold different points of views towards the movement strategies, some of the student leaders also paid no respect to organizational claims, and much often instead, they themselves acted on behalf of their organizations. One fine example would be the case of Zhou Yongjun, who was the president of Beijing Autonomous Federation. He helped organize another big demonstration on May 4. However, without any consent from his fellows and colleagues, he announced the end of class strike without a clear resolution within the leadership. http://www.standoffattiananmen.com/2009/04/people-of-1989-zhou-yongjun.html In order to better describe the dividing powers among the student leaders during the late stages of June 4th Movement, Zhao (2001) simply grouped the student demonstrators by that time into three groups, which are called respectively Dialogue Delegation Group, Beijing Students Autonomous Group and the so-called charismatic group http://site.ebrary.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/lib/hkulibrary/docDetail.action?docID=10402626 As Zhao (2001) noted, the students that belonged to Dialogue Delegation Group were eager for the coming dialogue with the government. References Gonzales, Eduardo, L. and Gillespie, C.G. (1994). Presidentialism and Democratic Stability in Uruguay. In J. J. Linz and A. Valenzuela (Ed.), The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Comparative Perspective (pp. 151 – 178). Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press Hanan, D. (2007). Presidentialism, parliamentarism and semi-presidentialism: Incentives and disincentives in achieving multiple democratic goals. Retrieved from http://djayadihanan.blogspot.com/2007/12/presidentialism-parliamentarism-and.html Linz, Juan J. (1994). The Failure of Presidential Democracy. The Case of Latin America. In J. J. Linz and A. Valenzuela (Ed.), Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does it Make a Difference? (pp.7).Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press Maeda, K. Nishikawa M. (2006). Duration of Party Control in Parliamentary and Presidential Governments: A Study of Sixty-Five Democracies, 1950-1998. Retrieved from http://www.bsu.edu/web/mnishikawa/MaedaNishikawa2006CPS.pdf Mainwaring, S. (1993). Presidentialism, Multipartiism, and Democracy, The Difficult Combination. Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 26 No. 2 (pp. 198 – 228) Mainwaring, S. Shugart, M. (1993). Juan Linz, presidentialism, and democracy: A critical appraisal. Retrieved from http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/200.pdf Power, Timothy and Mark J. Gasiorowski. (1997). Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World. Comparative Political Studies. Shugart, M. S., Carey, J. M. (1992). Presidents and assemblies: constitutional design and electoral dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Valenzuela, A. (1994). Party Politics and the Crisis of Presidentialism in Chile: A Proposal for a Parliamentary Form of Government. In J. J. Linz and A. Valenzuela (Ed.), The Failure of Presidential Democracy The Case of Latin America (pp. 93). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press

Using Batch And Continuous Cultures Biology Essay

Using Batch And Continuous Cultures Biology Essay Microbial growth causes an increase in a microorganisms size and population number and can be studied using batch and continuous culture mediums (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 112) Batch cultures: Nutrient consumption and build up of toxic by-products slow down and stop the growth of bacteria. One method to avoid this is to use batch culture system. This involves culturing bacteria in liquid medium within a closed system where no fresh medium is added during the incubation period and hence the nutrient concentration declines and waste products accumulate during the growth of bacteria (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 137). The microorganisms reproduce by binary fission and their growth can be expressed as the logarithm of cell number and can be plotted against incubation time. This result in a curve that has 4 distinct phases as shown in Figure 1: (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 113) Figure 1: Curve showing phases of growth for batch cultures (taken from Tortora et al. 1992) Lag Phase- when microorganisms are introduced into fresh culture medium no increase in cell number or mass occurs. This marks the beginning of the Lag Phase which is necessary as the cells may be old and depleted of ATP, certain essential cofactors and ribosome, the medium may be different from the one that the microorganism was growing in previously, or the microorganism may have suffered injuries and may need time to recover (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 113). Length of the Lag Phase varies depending on factors such as age of culture, temperature changes and differences between old and new media. When cells are transferred from a complex medium to a fresh complex medium lag phase is very short, whereas when cells are transferred from complex medium into a minimally defined medium, lag phase is protracted (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 137). Exponential Phase- during this phase the rate of growth of microorganisms is constant and they divide and become double in number at regular intervals and at the maximal rate possible given their genetic potential, nature of the medium and the conditions of growth (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 113).As batch cultures are not synchronous every cell has an equal generation time and each cell divides at a different moment, as hence the cell number rises smoothly. When the medium is abruptly changed nutritional downshifts or nutritional upshifts cause cells experiencing balanced exponential growth to be thrown into metabolic chaos that is unbalanced growth (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 138). Exponential phase cultures are used in biochemical and physiological studies as the population is most uniform in terms of chemical and physiological characteristics during this phase (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 113). Stationary Phase- during this phase the growth curve becomes horizontal as growth of the population ceases. Bacteria enter this phase at a population level of around cells per ml. The total number of viable organisms remains constant due to a balance between cell division and cell death or because the population ceases to divide but still remains metabolically active. Microbial populations enter the stationary phase due to reasons such as nutrient limitations, oxygen availability and accumulation of toxic waste products (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 114). Death Phase- characteristic feature of this phase is decline in the number of viable cells due to nutrient deprivation and buildup of toxic wastes. The death of a microbial population is logarithmic. The extended survival of particularly resistant cells may reduce the death rate (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 114). In this phase the number of cells that die during a given time period is proportional to the number of cells that existed at the beginning of the time period (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 138). Advantages of using batch cultures: They allow versatility and can be used for many different reactions (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344). They are safe and do not pose a threat of strain mutation (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344). They ensure complete conversion of substrate (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344). The changing conditions during the use of batch cultures affect the physiology and growth of bacteria and hence highlight the ability of bacteria to adapt to its environment (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 137). Disadvantages of using batch cultures: Use of batch cultures requires highly skilled labor thus increasing labor costs (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344). Use of batch cultures is time consuming (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344). According to Xuezhen Kang (2000) changing concentrations of products and reactants, varying pH and oxidation-reduction potential makes interpretation of results difficult. According to Xuezhen Kang (2000) complicated mix of growing, dying and dead cells also makes interpretation difficult. Continuous cultures: In a continuous culture system the microorganisms are grown in an open system where constant environmental conditions are maintained through continuous provisions for new nutrients and removal of waste. This allows the microbial population to remain in exponential growth phase and at a constant biomass concentration for an extended period of time (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120). 2 main types of continuous culture systems: Chemostat- this system ensures that sterile medium containing essential nutrients in limiting quantities is fed into the culture vessel at the same rate as the medium containing the microorganism is removed (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120). The growth rate of microorganisms is determined by the rate at which new medium is fed into the growth chamber. The final cell density depends on the concentration of the limiting nutrient (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120). Dilution rate D is used to express the rate of nutrient exchange and is defined as the rate at which medium flows through the culture vessel relative to the vessel volume. f represents flow rate and V represents volume of the vessel (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120). D=f/V f (ml/hr) and V(ml)(Lansing M. Prescott et al.1990, 1993, p. 120) Microbial population levels and generation time depend on the dilution rate. As the dilution rate increases generation time shortens and growth rate rises. Under these conditions the limiting nutrient will be almost completely depleted and it begins to rise at higher dilution rates as there are fewer microorganisms present to use it. At low dilution rate a rise in both cell density and growth rate occur (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120). Turbidostat- involves a photocell that measures the turbidity of the culture in the growth vessel. The rate of flow of the media through the growth vessel is automatically regulated to maintain a predetermined turbidity. Here the dilution rate remains constant and there is no limiting nutrient in the culture. The turbidostat operates best at high rates of dilution (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120). Advantages of using continuous cultures: They allow good utilization of the bioreactor and ensure low labor costs (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344). They are efficient and ensure high and constant productivity due the autocatalytic nature of microbial reaction taking place (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344). They allow detailed analysis of microbial physiology at different growth rates as all cells of the population achieve a steady state and hence has significant industrial and research applications (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 139). The situation in a chemostat resembles the growth of bacteria in nature where the growth rates are very low (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 140). According to Xuezhen Kang (2000) their use eliminates the lag the organism experiences before going into high productivity. Disadvantages of using Continuous Cultures: Sometimes they fail to produce results due to infection and mutations of microorganisms that result in production of non producing strains (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344). Use of these cultures requires downstream equipments to be designed for low volumetric rates and continuous operation (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344). In conclusion, we see that both culture mediums have their advantages and disadvantages and while using either one, these should be kept in mind.

Violent Video Games Raise Aggression Essay -- Gaming

Throughout history man kind has always searched for ways to entertain himself, each time developing new activities and games. Video games have become a very popular way to spend time and have fun from the 1970’s up to now. With new developments appeared different video game genres from adventure to racing, but the violent video games appear to be the most popular ones (Shin, 2003), for example: shooters, fighting and video games where you have to eliminate, destroy, or kill your enemies. Video games have become very influential on children and adults (Stafford, 1999). With violent video games humans are more prone to act aggressively, to have aggressive thoughts and become numb towards violence (Harding, 2009). Apart from these they are prone to develop antisocial behavior, depression and addiction. This means that future generations will be more violent and less sensible towards violence. Is this type of entertainment really worth a more violent world and future? B. The IT background of the issue Back in time input devices for video games were analog this means that data was very short ranged and limited like for example movements in the x-axis only, like in â€Å"Pong†. This is one of the reasons why before there were very few and not that violent video games such as â€Å"Space Invader†. But as technology developed so did the video game industry (Reynolds, 2004) and input devices became each time more complex. With more option in the input devices people can do more actions in the video games like for example combo moves or kill enemies in many other different ways (Stafford, 1999). Another development that has caused the appearance of violent video games is the increase in quality of the output. Before, the only VDU’s were C... ...1/2008. CNN. 24/05/2010 â€Å"Insert Coin: Part 5-Violence in Video Games†. Brent Stafford. Internet. Youtube, 02/11/2006 Shaky egg. Brent Stafford. 2004. Shaky Egg Communications Inc. 24/05/2010 Red3d. Craig Reynolds. 22/07/2007. None. 24/05/2010 About.com. Jennifer Rosenberg. 2003. The New York Times Company. 24/05/2010 Gamezero. Salamander. 08-09/1992. Game Zero Magazine. 24/05/2010 Tgorski. Terence Gorski. Unknown. GORSKI-CENAPS Team. 24/05/2010

Lillian Hellman Essay example -- essays research papers

Comparing Lillian Hellman’s The Children’s Hour and The Little Foxes.   Lillian Hellman was a well-known American dramatist who was born in 1905 in New Orleans ("Hellman," 1999). She later moved and attended New York public schools and went on to go to New York University and Columbia University as well. Within the confines of her youth, there had been confusion about her family background (Harmon, 1999). There has always been talk about her parents troubled marriage and other events have cropped up to make Hellman an intriguing figure. Yet, she went on to grow up and find a husband, something typical in her day. She married another playwright named Arthur Kober, but this relationship ended in divorce ("Hellman," 1999; James, 1999). Her intimate friendship with the novelist Dashiell Hammett would continue until his death in 1961 (1999). Yet, Hellman would never remarry. Hellman did not begin to write plays until the 1930s, her dramas are well known for focusing on various forms of evil ("Hellman," 1999). Her work has not escaped criticism however. She has been criticized at various times for her doctrinaire views but she nevertheless kept her characters from becoming social points of view by including credible dialogue and a realistic intensity which put her a step above her peers ("Hellman," 1999). Indeed, Hellman wrote with the skill of a professional but the emotions of a child. I feel she was able to capture the innermost fears and thoughts of people, drawing on their most hideous features. In the encyclopedia Hellman is described as an American Dramatist, whose plays are distinguished for the forcefulness of their matter, usually a condemnation of personal and social evil. They are also notable for character development and expert construction (Encarta). These points come through clearly in both The Children's Hour and The L ittle Foxes. Interestingly, Hellman seemed to entitle these works in an innocuous but mischievous way. In a variety of works, it appears that Hellman’s themes have all centered around evil and lies. They have drawn on things that, for the most part, people do not like to look at. Her works are truly disturbing, as she forces the audience to dig deep into their own psyches. It is important to note that Hellman had grown up in interesting times. She was a teenager in the Roaring ... ...x Plays by Lillian Hellman. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 1-78 Hellman, L. (1979). "The Little Foxes." Six Plays by Lillian Hellman. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 147-199 James, C. (1999, May 31). "That 50's Cocktail of Hellman, Hammett and the Red Scare." New York Times, pp. E1. Kaupunginkirjasto, K. (2000, July 22). "Lillian Hellman (1905-1984)" [online]<www.kirjasto.sci.fi/lhelman.htm> McHenry, R. (1995, December 20). "Hellman, Lillian (biography), Her Heritage: A Biographical Encyclopedia of famous American women" <electronic library> Reuben, P. (2000, July 22). "Chapter 8: American Drama-Lillian Hellman." PAL: Perspectives in American Literature- AA research and reference guide. [online]<www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap8/hellman.html> Webb, K. (2000, July 22). "It’s all a lie: Destructive dishonesty in the works of Lillian Hellman." [online]<http://www2.rpa.net/~webb/kaw/allalie.htm> Wright, W. (1996, November 3) "Why Lillian Hellman remains fascinating." New York Times pp. H9.

Ohm’s Law Series-Parallel Circuits Calculation Essay

To end up the discussion of Series-Parallel Circuits, I would like to post this last one remaining topic which is about Ohm’s Law of Series-Parallel Circuits for currents and voltages. I did not even mentioned in my previous topics on how to deal with its currents and voltages regarding this type of circuit connection. Ohms Law in Series-Parallel Circuits Ohm’s Law in Series-Parallel Circuits – Current The total current of the series-parallel circuits depends on the total resistance offered by the circuit when connected across the voltage source. The current flow in the entire circuit and it will divide to flow through parallel branches. In case of parallel branch, the current is inversely proportional to the resistance of the branch – that is the greater current flows through the least resistance and vice-versa. Then, the current will then sum up again after flowing in different circuit branch which is the same as the current source or total current. The total circuit current is the same at each end of a series-parallel circuit, and is equal to the current flow through the voltage source. Ohm’s Law in Series-Parallel Circuits – Voltage The voltage drop across a series-parallel circuits also occur the same way as in series and parallel circuits. In series parts of the circuit, the voltage drop depends on the individual values of the resistors. In parallel parts of the circuit, the voltage across each branch are the same and carries a current depends on the individual values of the resistors. If in case of circuit below, the voltage of the series resistance forming a branch of the parallel circuit will divide the voltage across the parallel circuit. If in case of the single resistance in a parallel branch, the voltage across is the same as the sum of the voltages of the series  resistances. The sum of the voltage across R3 and R4 is the same   as the voltage across R2. Finally, the sum of the voltage drop across each paths between the two terminal of the series-parallel circuit is the same as the total voltage applied to the circuit. Let’s have a very simple example of this calculation for this topic. Considering the circuit below with its given values, lets calculate the total current, current and voltage drop across each resistances. What is the total current, current and voltage across each resistancesHere is the simple calculation of the circuit above: a. Calculate first the total resistance of the circuit: The equivalent resistance for R2 and R3 is: R2-3 = 25X50/ 25+50 = 16.67 ohms R total = 30 ohms + 16.67 ohms = 46.67 ohms b. Calculate the Total Current using Ohm’s Law: I1 = 120V / 46.67 Ohms = 2.57 Amp. Since R1 is in series connection, the total current is the same for that path. c. Calculating the voltage drop for R1: VR1 = 2.57 Amp x 30 ohms = 77.1 volts d. Calculate the voltage drop across R2 and R3. Since the equivalent resistance for R2 and R3 as calculated above is 16.67 ohms, we can now calculate the voltage across each branch. VR2 = VR3 = 2.57 Amp x 16.67 ohms = 42. 84 volts e. Finally, we can now calculate the individual current for R2 and R3: I2 = VR2 / R2 = 42.84 volts / 25 ohms = 1.71 Amp. I3 = VR3 / R3 = 42.84 volts / 50 ohms = 0.86 Amp. You may also check if the current in each path of the parallel branch are correct by adding its currents: I1 = I2 + I3 = 1.71 Amp + 0.86 Amp = 2.57 Amp. which is the same as calculated above. Therefore, we can say that our answer is correct.

ASEAN Economic Integration 2015 Essay

As the world today becomes more complex in term of politics and economics, there are agreements or treaties created in order to maintain the stabilization and development. One of the significant things that most states mainly concern about is the economic development; as a matter of fact, since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world has given more priority to the economic development. On top of that, there were creations of free trade agreement among countries or regions; for instance, ASEAN was created in the purpose of regional development especially in economic. Moreover, ASEAN has proposed an objective to be succeeded in 2015 which is known as the economic integration or ASEAN Economic Community. There are three important factors that lead to the creation of ASEAN economic integration in 2015. First, ASEAN free trade area for free flow of goods is an agreement to reduce the trade barrier across the ASEAN countries, found in 1992 (The ASEAN Secretariat, 2012). At first, there were only six members of ASEAN joining and discussing about the free flow of goods during the early 1990s. In 2000, ASEAN has reached four more members such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar, and those countries were not developed much in economic; so, as the former six members could reach the similarity development in term of economic, the proposal that was concerned over the free trade area is still existed. It needs time for the new member states to reach the development as the ASEAN has defined the year 2015 for the economic integration, and it means that the new member states need to develop themselves until they reach the demand from the other member in productivity which it was estimated to be in 2015. Additionally, in order to reach this objective, it needs the entire new member states have higher economic growth and sign for agreement on trade. Once a country has free trade, it could lead to the international competition and also developing the country. Second, ASEAN framework agreement on services was created in order to limit the flow of services, established in 1995 and also known as the factor leading to economic integration (Hai, 2004). The aim of creating this agreement is to promote the free flow of services in the economic integration 2015. As some countries in ASEAN still need to develop, all of the member states have to cooperate well among other especially in trade and education. On top of that, technological transfer from state to state could  lead to the skillful labor forces. While having skillful forces, it makes easier for state to attract the investment. As all of the members consist of skill labors and form as a regional group, they can gain the beginning power in term of production and services. Furthermore, ASEAN will play more roles in the world economic competition on free flow of services as well as the productions. Accordingly, it could increase in service market; for instance, Singapore is one of the developed countries that is considered as the knowledge based economic which is referred to the use of services beside productions (Yue, 2001). Another factor that leads to the creation of ASEAN economic integration 2015 is the ASEAN investment agreement (AIA). It is an agreement between the member states for the open and free flow of investment throughout the region as well as to enrich the competitiveness and attraction of Direct Foreign Investment. This agreement focus on four blueprints such as progressive liberalization of investment among member states, enhancing the protection of investors and their investment, improvement of regulations to increase investment, and promotion integrated investment area. Due to these principles, it can contribute a lot advantages to member states mainly for three aspects. First, because of the free flow of investment into the regime, ASEAN has gained the Capital increase. Even when there was the Asian Financial crisis, ASEAN remained strong with the growth of threefold accounted from US$ 23 billion in 1998 to US$ 69 billion. Obviously, the intra-ASEAN has also been expanded to US$ 10.7 million, and for the foreign direct investment, it keeps growing which accounted for US$ 30.1 billion (2012). Second, AIA is one of main causes that create jobs for most of ASEAN citizens which approximately in total of 600 million people. When there were direct foreign investments, many factories and companies consumed labor forces to work in their firm; therefore, as a result, ASEAN employment rate will rise remarkably. Last but not least, the economic development is surely achieved by the free flow of investment. There will be advancement in any field such as infrastructures, technology, healthcare, education, etc when it comes to the accessibility to the manufacturing or services. All in all, the ASEAN investment agreement is the driving cause that provide three important benefits like increasing capital, creating more jobs, and improving economic development. After mentioning about the factors that lead to the ASEAN economic integration  2015, we can inferred that it is important for ASEAN to be ready for the economic integration 2015 as it could lead ASEAN to become a highly developed region that plays important role in the world economic. References Hai, T. C. (2004). Mutual Recognition of Surveying Qualifications within the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services. Fig.net. Retrieved from http://www.fig.net/pub/monthly_articles/november_2004/teo_november_2004.pdf The ASEAN Secretariat. (2012). The ASEAN Free Trade Area. Asean.org. Retrieved from http://www. asean.org/communities/asean-economic-community/category/overview-10 Yue, C.S. (2001). Singapore: Towards a Knowledge-Based Economy. Retrieved fromhttp://www.d1074616.domain.com/worldcapitalinstitute/makciplatform/files/Singapore_Towards%20k-Economy_0.pdf Topic: Preparing for the ASEAN Economic Community 2015: What Can We and Government Do? The Practice of Liberalism in the ASEAN Economic Community: Changing Challenges into Positive Opportunities for the Success of Indonesia in the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015 ASEAN Economic Community or commonly called the AEC will be realized in the next two years. AEC planned to take place in 2015. In order to realize the AEC in 2015, all ASEAN countries should liberalize trade in free movement of goods, services, investment, skilled labor, and freer flow of capital, as listed in the AEC blueprint. Based on this, the ASEAN Economic Community can be used as a container for the potential benefit for the countries incorporated in it, but on the other hand also simultaneously AEC can be a boomerang effect for countries that are not yet ready to face the AEC in 2015. Therefore, the free market which will be implemented in the 2015 AEC makes the countries who are members of ASEAN are competing to prepare its resources in order to compete and survive in a free competition because they do not want to become victims of exploitation in the AEC 2015. Indonesia as one of the countries that are members of the ASEAN community is also incorporated in this economic int egration. Preparation of Indonesia in facing the AEC 2015 which is getting closer to the finish line is  interesting to discussed, given the euphoria in welcoming the 2015 AEC Indonesia is still not so pronounced, whereas the 2015 AEC will begin in two years. In this case if Indonesia does not merely want to be a spectator of the exploited towards the existence of economic integration in ASEAN (AEC), Indonesia needs to realize the integrated challenges that will be faced in the implementation of the AEC in 2015. It aims to make Indonesia can change the challenges they face into opportunities in order to get benefits due the AEC 2015. In analyzing the challenges to be faced by Indonesia, I would like to use the perspective of the theory of liberalism considering that the establishment of the AEC as a free trade area, single market aims to make ASEAN more dynamic and competitive market which is the implementation of liberalism. The liberal understanding of international political economy as an application of the theory and methodology of international economics that separates the interaction between economics and politics. The existence of a strong and active role in the mechanism of the market has eclipsed the government authorities who are the main actors of the country. Economics and politics are two arenas are supposed to be separated and each operating according to the rules of logic and its own logic. Because liberals believe that economic factors are the determinant of all social processes and then according to them that international political economic phenomena can be explained by the various existing theories in economics. Linked to the challenges faced by Indonesia in AEC 2015 was that the implementation of the liberalism in the economic field may be adversely affected because there is no one system that was created in this world is perfect. The following are the negative impacts of the implementation of the liberalization of the economy: First liberalism in the world economy can enlarge the gap between countries. Second, liberalism will create a dependency relationship between rich countrie s with poor countries. Third, the market mechanism system will cause adverse monopoly power. Fourth, Liberalism tends to bring instability in the economy. Based on the four negative impact of liberalism, we will know how the challenges faced by Indonesia significantly and further more we can know the appropriate ways in facing the challenges toward ASEAN Economic Community 2015. The first negative impact of the implementation of liberalism is liberalism in the world economy can enlarge the gap between countries. The liberalization of various sectors of the economy will create  free competition in the world market. It means, when free competition occurs, then the countries that have relatively high levels of the economy will be stronger, while those with relatively low levels of the economy will be weak. In this case the economic level ASEAN countries are very diverse. Specifically, the level of economic progress in ASEAN classified into (1) a group of developed countries (Singapore), (2) a dynamic group of countries (Malaysia and Thailand), (3) group of middle-income count ries (Indonesia, the Philippines and Brunei Darussalam), and (4 ) group of underdeveloped countries (Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam). It is unfortunate that position of Indonesia based on the economic level in ASEAN is in the group of middle income countries. Though Indonesia to all its potential and its resources can be make itself as a big country compared to other ASEAN countries. It is caused by conditions in the Indonesian national which tends to be unstable. Not only economic, but also political stability in Indonesia was not stable Moreover when we link to the increase corruption case that lately occurred in Indonesia. So in order to overcome this problem required an integrative solution formulated by the national government to improve national conditions in Indonesia. The solution does not only focus on economic reform but also to improve political stability to run healthier. Infrastructure Improvements, reform the institutional and governance in order to have integrated coordination, and improving the quality of human resources in Indonesia are three main keys to deal the challenges faced by Indonesia in AEC 2015. Second, liberalism will create a dependency relationship between rich countries with poor countries. One problem that occurs is the policy of privatization of State Owned Enterprises (SOE)/(BUMN) a country that is purchased by a foreign country as a consequence of liberalization. Because the state â€Å"considers† itself no longer able to manage and finance the production process of the SOEs, though generally an entity or SOE firms that are closely related to lives of many people. So it does not rule out the influence of one countries to the other countries might have a strong influence. In this case, the government should be firmly protecting state-owned property because no denying that with the ASEAN economic community of state sovereignty would fade. It must have been the challenge for Indonesia in which Indonesia should build the image of dignity as a strong state despite sharing sovereignty between ASEAN  countries. Not only has the strong ability of diplomacy Indonesian government should also set up a strong military device to build an image as a big country. Third, the market mechanism system will cause adverse monopoly power. It means, if in practice a developing country cannot adapt itself to free trade competition in AEC 2015, it can be said that country would only be a victim of other major countries which are able to dominate the market. It can be ascertained that the products made ​​in state are victims of free trade can be dead in the market. In this issue, Indonesia should know the economic actors who will compete at the AEC 2015. Where we know that most of the Indonesian economic actors come from entrepreneurs who run Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). SMEs engaged in various economic activities which are now considered by all stakeholders as an important sector in addressing the problems faced by the nation’s unemployment and poverty. The role of SMEs that currently there were approximately 55 million units and businesses throughout Indonesia, not only expected to increase employment, and tackle the problem of unemployment, but it also can accelerate regional development. It implies that the role of government is no longer only help the growth of SMEs in the national level, but how to make Indonesian SMEs can compete in the global marketplace. At least, there are three main problems faced by SMEs in Indonesia: (1) the issue of financing for capital, (2) technological issues which some SMEs still have not been able to optimize existing technology, (3) marketing issues. Associated to the three problem s mentioned above, the government should focus on solving the problem of SMEs in Indonesia given that economic actors in Indonesia are mostly SMEs. The solution is intended to provide micro-credit in the financing of capital and also not forget to provide integrated technical training on the technology used and also how to market their products efficiently. Fourth, liberalism tends to bring instability in the economy. In the free trade later, AEC 2015 will lead to price volatility and exchange rates tend to be irregular. This condition will increase the uncertainty in the national economy when a country cannot use it properly. In order to maintain economic stability and to avoid improper policy making, Indonesian government who has responsibility in fiscal economy policy and Indonesian Banks as a central bank who has responsibility in monetary economic policy makers must collaborate in analyzing free market in the 2015  AEC. In short, ASEAN Economic Community that will be implemented in the next few years is not only opportunities but also cause threats to ASEAN countries, including Indonesia. Whether Indonesia will be a state that can take the opportunity to improve their economic or otherwise become a country that is only going to become victims of exploitation for other countries is a challenge and result of Indonesia’s preparation in facing AEC 2015. Based on the perspective of liberalism, AEC 2015 which imposes free trade among ASEAN countries poses challenges to be faced by the ASEAN countries including Indonesia. These challenges can be overcome to proper preparation of the Indonesian government to national development programs that are appropriate and sustainable in the various sectors in order to achieve the success of Indonesia in the ASEAN Economic Community 2015. Bibliography Ikbar, Yanuar.2013.Ekonomi Politik Global 1.Bandung: Rafika Aditama http://www.asean.org/communities/asean-economic-community accessed on Monday, 9 December 2013. Indra Maipita. Liberalisasi dan Globalisasi Perdagangan. 2002. Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/13312233/LIBERALISASI-DAN-GLOBALISASI-PERDAGANGAN-INTERNASIONAL-by-Indra-Maipita accessed on Monday, 9 December 2013. Departemen Perdagangan Republik Indonesia: Buku Menuju ASEAN Economic Community 2015. (http://ditjenkpi.kemendag.go.id/website_kpi/Umum/Setditjen/Buku%20Menuju%20ASEAN%20ECONOMIC%20COMMUNITY%202015.pdf). http://www.smescoindonesia.com/infos/news/read/95 accessed on Tuesday, December 10, 2013. http://finance.detik.com/read/2013/10/05/104457/2378640/1036/di-forum-apec-2013-syarief-hasan-beberkan-3-masalah-ukm-indonesia accessed on Tuesday, December 10, 2013. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. http://www.asean.org/communities/asean-economic-community accessed on Monday, 9 December 2013. [ 3 ]. Indra Maipita. Liberalisasi dan Globalisasi Perdagangan. 2002. Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/13312233/LIBERALISASI-DAN-GLOBALISASI-PERDAGANGAN-I NTERNASIONAL-by-Indra-Maipita accessed on Monday, 9 December 2013. [ 4 ]. Departemen Perdagangan Republik Indonesia: Buku Menuju ASEAN Economic Community 2015. (http://ditjenkpi.kemendag.go.id/website_kpi/Umum/Setditjen/Buku%20Menuju%20ASEAN%20ECONOMIC%20COMMUNITY%202015.pdf). [ 5 ]. http://www.smescoindonesia.com/infos/news/read/95 accessed on Tuesday, December 10, 2013. [ 6 ]. Ibid. [ 7 ]. http://finance.detik.com/read/2013/10/05/104457/2378640/1036/di-forum-apec-2013-syarief-hasan-beberkan-3-masalah-ukm-indonesia accessed on Tuesday, December 10, 2013.